The knowledge of the participation of the innate and adaptive immune response on the pathophysiological process of infectious and noninfectious airway injuries is rapidly expanding and the advances in the fields of biomedicine and biotechnology have been decisive to this expansion. The innate and adaptive immune system, as well as structural cells, modulates the quantity and quality of airway inflammatory response. Aberrant immune responses, including those induced for allergens, environmental pollutants, infectious agents, acids, and others promote excessive leukocyte recruitment, production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other immunomodulatory mediators which are critical to initiate and maintain airway disorders. In recent decades, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the genetic and immunological factors that contribute to the development and/or treatment of airway disorders. Thus, the use of molecular and cellular assays together with knockout animals has contributed significantly to this evolution. In despite of this, the current therapy for the treatment of airway disorders has not changed to the same degree and is still far from ideal. This special issue covers the most relevant research regarding the immunological aspects of airways disorders including asthma, airway inflammation, cancer and fungal and viral infections.