A comprehensive review of thermal comfort studies in urban open spaces.

Urban open spaces provide various benefits to large populations in cities. Since thermally comfortable urban open spaces improve the quality of urban living, an increasing number of studies have been conducted to extend the existing knowledge of outdoor thermal comfort. This paper comprehensively reviews current outdoor thermal comfort studies, including benchmarks, data collection methods, and models of outdoor thermal comfort. Because outdoor thermal comfort is a complex issue influenced by various factors, a conceptual framework is proposed which includes physical, physiological and psychological factors as direct influences; and behavioral, personal, social, cultural factors, as well as thermal history, site, and alliesthesia, as indirect influences. These direct and indirect factors are further decomposed and reviewed, and the interactions among various factors are discussed. This review provides researchers with a systematic and comprehensive understanding of outdoor thermal comfort, and can also guide designers and planners in creating thermally comfortable urban open spaces.

[1]  X. Qian,et al.  Local body cooling to improve sleep quality and thermal comfort in a hot environment , 2018, Indoor air.

[2]  D. Lai,et al.  Modelling dynamic thermal sensation of human subjects in outdoor environments , 2017 .

[3]  Koen Steemers,et al.  Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: understanding the human parameter , 2001 .

[4]  F. Salata,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort conditions during summer in a cold semi-arid climate. A transversal field survey in Central Anatolia (Turkey) , 2019, Building and Environment.

[5]  Liang Chen,et al.  Studies of thermal comfort and space use in an urban park square in cool and cold seasons in Shanghai , 2015 .

[6]  Akashi Mochida,et al.  Study on the outdoor thermal environment and thermal comfort around campus clusters in subtropical urban areas , 2012 .

[7]  M. Cabanac.  Physiological Role of Pleasure , 1971, Science.

[8]  David Pearlmutter,et al.  Human-biometeorological conditions and thermal perception in a Mediterranean coastal park , 2015, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[9]  Makoto Nakayoshi,et al.  Outdoor thermal physiology along human pathways: a study using a wearable measurement system , 2015, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[10]  L. Lan,et al.  Bed heating improves the sleep quality and health of the elderly who adapted to no heating in a cold environment , 2020 .

[11]  B. Hong,et al.  Outdoor thermal benchmarks and their application to climate‒responsive designs of residential open spaces in a cold region of China , 2020 .

[12]  Richard de Dear,et al.  Effect of thermal adaptation on seasonal outdoor thermal comfort , 2011 .

[13]  Ming Lu,et al.  Microclimate perception features of commercial street in severe cold cities , 2017 .

[14]  B. Hong,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort of shaded spaces in an urban park in the cold region of China , 2019, Building and Environment.

[15]  L. Shashua-Bar,et al.  Urban outdoor thermal perception in hot arid Beer Sheva, Israel: Methodological and gender aspects , 2019, Building and Environment.

[16]  F. Lindberg,et al.  Potential changes in outdoor thermal comfort conditions in Gothenburg, Sweden due to climate change: the influence of urban geometry , 2011 .

[17]  Marialena Nikolopoulou,et al.  Daytime thermal comfort in urban spaces: A field study in Brazil , 2016 .

[18]  Wei Wang,et al.  An analysis of influential factors on outdoor thermal comfort in summer , 2011, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[19]  Pui Kwan Cheung,et al.  Global pattern of human thermal adaptation and limit of thermal neutrality: Systematic analysis of outdoor neutral temperature , 2018, International Journal of Climatology.

[20]  Lin Liu,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort and adaptation in severe cold area: A longitudinal survey in Harbin, China , 2018, Building and Environment.

[21]  A. Wagner,et al.  Short- and long-term acclimatization in outdoor spaces: Exposure time, seasonal and heatwave adaptation effects , 2017 .

[22]  R. Dear,et al.  Thermal adaptation in the built environment: a literature review , 1998 .

[23]  Edward Ng,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort study in a sub-tropical climate: a longitudinal study based in Hong Kong , 2011, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[24]  Z. Gou,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort and adaptive behaviors in a university campus in China's hot summer-cold winter climate region , 2019, Building and Environment.

[25]  Shervin Motamedi,et al.  Adaptation of ANFIS model to assess thermal comfort of an urban square in moderate and dry climate , 2016, Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment.

[26]  Li Li,et al.  Study on outdoor thermal comfort on a campus in a subtropical urban area in summer , 2016 .

[27]  K. Lindner-Cendrowska.  ASSESSMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN CITIES FOR TOURISM AND RECREATIONAL PURPOSES (A WARSAW CASE STUDY) , 2013 .

[28]  K. Steemers,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort and summer PET range: A field study in tropical city Dhaka , 2019, Energy and Buildings.

[29]  H. Andrade,et al.  An initial assessment of the bioclimatic comfort in an outdoor public space in Lisbon , 2007, International journal of biometeorology.

[30]  Fredrik Lindberg,et al.  Climate and behaviour in a Nordic city , 2007 .

[31]  M. Azizi,et al.  Evaluation of thermal comfort in urban areas , 2017 .

[32]  M. Nikolopoulou,et al.  Thermal comfort in urban spaces: a cross-cultural study in the hot arid climate , 2018, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[33]  Kang-Ting Tsai,et al.  Effects of thermal comfort and adaptation on park attendance regarding different shading levels and activity types , 2013 .

[34]  M. Hart,et al.  Climate change and thermal comfort in Hong Kong , 2014, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[35]  M. Mahdavinejad,et al.  Effects of windward and leeward wind directions on outdoor thermal and wind sensation in Tehran , 2019, Building and Environment.

[36]  K. Pantavou,et al.  Case study of skin temperature and thermal perception in a hot outdoor environment , 2014, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[37]  D. Lai,et al.  Measurements and predictions of the skin temperature of human subjects on outdoor environment , 2017 .

[38]  Khandaker Shabbir Ahmed.  Comfort in urban spaces: defining the boundaries of outdoor thermal comfort for the tropical urban environments , 2003 .

[39]  Nyuk Hien Wong,et al.  Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces in Singapore , 2013 .

[40]  T. Olofsson,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort under subarctic climate of north Sweden – A pilot study in Umeå , 2017 .

[41]  Thermal comfort and urban canyons morphology in coastal temperate climate, Concepción, Chile , 2016 .

[42]  R. D. Brown,et al.  Estimating outdoor thermal comfort using a cylindrical radiation thermometer and an energy budget model , 1985, International journal of biometeorology.

[43]  Neveen Hamza,et al.  Thermal perception of outdoor urban spaces in the hot arid region of Cairo, Egypt , 2016 .

[44]  K. Błażejczyk,et al.  Impact of selected personal factors on seasonal variability of recreationist weather perceptions and preferences in Warsaw (Poland) , 2016, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[45]  A. Matzarakis,et al.  Dynamic modeling of human thermal comfort after the transition from an indoor to an outdoor hot environment , 2015, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[46]  I. Knez,et al.  Influences of culture and environmental attitude on thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a public square , 2006, International journal of biometeorology.

[47]  Y. Epstein,et al.  Urban daily life routines and human exposure to environmental discomfort , 2012, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.

[48]  F. Salata,et al.  Dressed for the season: Clothing and outdoor thermal comfort in the Mediterranean population , 2018, Building and Environment.

[49]  D. Lai,et al.  Window-opening behavior in Chinese residential buildings across different climate zones , 2018, Building and Environment.

[50]  S. Sangkertadi,et al.  New Equation for Estimating Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Humid-Tropical Environment. , 2014 .

[51]  M. Roth,et al.  Assessment of measured and perceived microclimates within a tropical urban forest , 2016 .

[52]  W. Klemm,et al.  Psychological and physical impact of urban green spaces on outdoor thermal comfort during summertime in The Netherlands , 2015 .

[53]  Z. Lian,et al.  Impact of Wooden Versus Nonwooden Interior Designs on Office Workers’ Cognitive Performance , 2020, Perceptual and motor skills.

[54]  O. M. Al-Rabghi,et al.  Thermal Comfort Around the Holy Mosques , 2017 .

[55]  Oded Potchter,et al.  Calculated and observed human thermal sensation in an extremely hot and dry climate , 2003 .

[56]  Peter Bosselmann,et al.  Wind, sun and temperature—Predicting the thermal comforf of people in outdoor spaces , 1989 .

[57]  Liang Dong,et al.  Thermal human biometeorological conditions and subjective thermal sensation in pedestrian streets in Chengdu, China , 2014, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[58]  Richard de Dear,et al.  A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney Australia , 2003 .

[59]  A. Mowen,et al.  Who Is Using Outdoor Fitness Equipment and How? The Case of Xihu Park , 2017, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[60]  Jin Ishii,et al.  Effect of outdoor thermal environment on pedestrians' behavior selecting a shaded area in a humid subtropical region , 2016 .

[61]  Tzu-Ping Lin,et al.  Outdoor human thermal perception in various climates: A comprehensive review of approaches, methods and quantification. , 2018, The Science of the total environment.

[62]  P. Höppe,et al.  The physiological equivalent temperature – a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment , 1999, International journal of biometeorology.

[63]  Taeyeon Kim,et al.  Investigation of Pedestrian Comfort with Wind Chill during Winter , 2018 .

[64]  J. Boland,et al.  Resilience to heat in public space: a case study of Adelaide, South Australia , 2016 .

[65]  I. Ridley,et al.  The effect of physical and psychological environments on the users thermal perceptions of educational urban precincts , 2017 .

[66]  I. Ridley,et al.  The effect of individual and social environments on the users thermal perceptions of educational urban precincts , 2016 .

[67]  Ferdinando Salata,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort in the Mediterranean area. A transversal study in Rome, Italy , 2016 .

[68]  Kevin Ka-Lun Lau,et al.  Dynamic response of pedestrian thermal comfort under outdoor transient conditions , 2019, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[69]  Chao Ren,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort in different urban settings of sub-tropical high-density cities: An approach of adopting local climate zone (LCZ) classification , 2019, Building and Environment.

[70]  W. Chow,et al.  How ‘hot’ is too hot? Evaluating acceptable outdoor thermal comfort ranges in an equatorial urban park , 2019, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[71]  D. Lai,et al.  A review of mitigating strategies to improve the thermal environment and thermal comfort in urban outdoor spaces. , 2019, The Science of the total environment.

[72]  János Unger,et al.  Subjective estimation of thermal environment in recreational urban spaces—Part 1: investigations in Szeged, Hungary , 2012, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[73]  David Pearlmutter,et al.  The relationship between bioclimatic thermal stress and subjective thermal sensation in pedestrian spaces , 2014, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[74]  Naoki Matsubara,et al.  The influence of outdoor thermal environment on young Japanese females , 2014, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[75]  Dusan Fiala,et al.  Predicting urban outdoor thermal comfort by the Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI—a case study in Southern Brazil , 2012, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[76]  Michael Donn,et al.  The relative influence of wind, sunlight and temperature on user comfort in urban outdoor spaces , 2007 .

[77]  Kattia Villadiego,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort in a hot and humid climate of Colombia: A field study in Barranquilla , 2014 .

[78]  J Toftum,et al.  Human projected area factors for detailed direct and diffuse solar radiation analysis , 2004, International journal of biometeorology.

[79]  M. Nikolopoulou,et al.  Use of outdoor spaces and microclimate in a Mediterranean urban area , 2007 .

[80]  L. Berglund,et al.  A standard predictive index of human response to the thermal environment , 1986 .

[81]  Cho Kwong Charlie Lam,et al.  Perceptions of thermal comfort in heatwave and non-heatwave conditions in Melbourne, Australia , 2016 .

[82]  C. Zoumides,et al.  Linear Parks along Urban Rivers: Perceptions of Thermal Comfort and Climate Change Adaptation in Cyprus , 2016 .

[83]  Chi Yung Jim,et al.  Determination and application of outdoor thermal benchmarks , 2017 .

[84]  Tzu-Ping Lin,et al.  Investigating Thermal Comfort and User Behaviors in Outdoor Spaces: A Seasonal and Spatial Perspective , 2015 .

[85]  Cheuk Ming Mak,et al.  Simultaneous environmental parameter monitoring and human subject survey regarding outdoor thermal comfort and its modelling , 2017 .

[86]  E. Krüger,et al.  Implications of air-conditioning use on thermal perception in open spaces: A field study in downtown Rio de Janeiro , 2015 .

[87]  Andreas Matzarakis,et al.  Quantification of the effect of thermal indices and sky view factor on park attendance , 2012 .

[88]  Z. Lian,et al.  Quantitative measurement of productivity loss due to thermal discomfort , 2011 .

[89]  Thomas Parkinson,et al.  Thermal pleasure in built environments: spatial alliesthesia from contact heating , 2016 .

[90]  Gook-Sup Song,et al.  Morphology of pedestrian roads and thermal responses during summer, in the urban area of Bucheon city, Korea , 2016, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[91]  Elias Salleh,et al.  Thermal comfort conditions of shaded outdoor spaces in hot and humid climate of Malaysia , 2012 .

[92]  J. Niu,et al.  Outdoor thermal sensation and logistic regression analysis of comfort range of meteorological parameters in Hong Kong , 2019, Building and Environment.

[93]  Qingyan Chen,et al.  A two-dimensional model for calculating heat transfer in the human body in a transient and non-uniform thermal environment , 2016 .

[94]  J. Niu,et al.  Assessment of outdoor thermal comfort in Hong Kong based on the individual desirability and acceptability of sun and wind conditions , 2018, Building and Environment.

[95]  D. Lai,et al.  Quantification of the influence of thermal comfort and life patterns on outdoor space activities , 2020, Building Simulation.

[96]  P. Höppe.  Heat balance modelling , 1993, Experientia.

[97]  Shervin Motamedi,et al.  Modelling thermal comfort of visitors at urban squares in hot and arid climate using NN-ARX soft computing method , 2015, Theoretical and Applied Climatology.

[98]  Nyuk Hien Wong,et al.  A comparative analysis of human thermal conditions in outdoor urban spaces in the summer season in Singapore and Changsha, China , 2013, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[99]  A. Middel,et al.  Impact of shade on outdoor thermal comfort—a seasonal field study in Tempe, Arizona , 2016, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[100]  T. Stathopoulos,et al.  Outdoor human comfort in an urban climate , 2004 .

[101]  Ken Parsons,et al.  Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate, and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort and Performance , 1999 .

[102]  Jean-Louis Scartezzini,et al.  Outdoor human comfort and thermal stress: A comprehensive review on models and standards , 2016 .

[103]  János Unger,et al.  Evaluation of outdoor human thermal sensation of local climate zones based on long-term database , 2018, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[104]  Li Lan,et al.  Thermal environment and sleep quality: A review , 2017 .

[105]  P. Drach,et al.  Outdoor comfort study in Rio de Janeiro: site-related context effects on reported thermal sensation , 2017, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[106]  Richard de Dear,et al.  Revisiting an old hypothesis of human thermal perception: alliesthesia , 2011 .

[107]  H. Woolley,et al.  Urban Open Spaces , 2003 .

[108]  M. A. Hermida,et al.  Effects of thermophysiological and non-thermal factors on outdoor thermal perceptions: The Tomebamba Riverbanks case , 2018, Building and Environment.

[109]  Yoshihito Kurazumi,et al.  Ethnic Differences in Thermal Responses between Thai and Japanese Females in Tropical Urban Climate , 2016 .

[110]  Erik Johansson,et al.  Instruments and methods in outdoor thermal comfort studies – The need for standardization , 2014 .

[111]  Tzu-Ping Lin,et al.  Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions , 2009 .

[112]  Andreas Matzarakis,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort characteristics in the hot and humid region from a gender perspective , 2014, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[113]  M. Nikolopoulou,et al.  Designing Open Spaces in the Urban Environment: a Bioclimatic Approach , 2004 .

[114]  Jon S Warland,et al.  Part B: Revisions to the COMFA outdoor thermal comfort model for application to subjects performing physical activity , 2009, International journal of biometeorology.

[115]  Jan Gehl,et al.  Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space , 2003 .

[116]  D. Perkins,et al.  Weather and Tourism: Thermal Comfort and Zoological Park Visitor Attendance , 2016 .

[117]  Baruch Givoni,et al.  Outdoor comfort research issues , 2003 .

[118]  Cho Kwong Charlie Lam,et al.  Visitors’ perception of thermal comfort during extreme heat events at the Royal Botanic Garden Melbourne , 2016, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[119]  Z. Lian,et al.  Perceptual and physiological responses of elderly subjects to moderate temperatures , 2019, Building and Environment.

[120]  Chaobin Zhou,et al.  Outdoor thermal environments and activities in open space: An experiment study in humid subtropical climates , 2016 .

[121]  T. Tsoutsos,et al.  Evaluation of comfort conditions in urban open spaces. Application in the island of Crete , 2014 .

[122]  D. Lai,et al.  Studies of outdoor thermal comfort in northern China , 2014 .

[123]  J. Unger,et al.  Adjustment of the thermal component of two tourism climatological assessment tools using thermal perception and preference surveys from Hungary , 2016, Theoretical and Applied Climatology.

[124]  A. Matzarakis,et al.  Assessment of human thermal perception in the hot-humid climate of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania , 2016, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[125]  C. Chau,et al.  On the study of thermal comfort and perceptions of environmental features in urban parks: A structural equation modeling approach , 2017 .

[126]  V. Cheng,et al.  Urban human thermal comfort in hot and humid Hong Kong , 2012 .

[127]  Rohinton Emmanuel,et al.  Urban heat island and differences in outdoor comfort levels in Glasgow, UK , 2013, Theoretical and Applied Climatology.

[128]  M. Nikolopoulou,et al.  Outdoor thermal sensation in a Mediterranean climate (Athens): The effect of selected microclimatic parameters , 2016 .

[129]  B. Hong,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort in an urban park during winter in cold regions of China , 2018, Sustainable Cities and Society.

[130]  I. Ridley,et al.  Determination of acceptable thermal range in outdoor built environments by various methods , 2016 .

[131]  D. Lai,et al.  An ordered probability model for predicting outdoor thermal comfort , 2018, Energy and Buildings.

[132]  K. Steemers,et al.  Analysis of microclimatic diversity and outdoor thermal comfort perceptions in the tropical megacity Dhaka, Bangladesh , 2015 .

[133]  Thomas Parkinson.  Thermal Pleasure and Alliesthesia in the Built Environment , 2016 .

[134]  Shervin Motamedi,et al.  A simulation model for visitors’ thermal comfort at urban public squares using non-probabilistic binary-linear classifier through soft-computing methodologies , 2016 .

[135]  Cheuk Ming Mak,et al.  Evaluation of a multi-nodal thermal regulation model for assessment of outdoor thermal comfort: Sensitivity to wind speed and solar radiation , 2018 .

[136]  Qingyan Chen,et al.  Outdoor space quality: A field study in an urban residential community in central China , 2014 .

[137]  Tzu-Ping Lin,et al.  Assessment of the influence of daily shadings pattern on human thermal comfort and attendance in Rome during summer period , 2015 .

[138]  Joao Pedro Teixeira de Abreu Costa,et al.  Addressing thermophysiological thresholds and psychological aspects during hot and dry mediterranean summers through public space design: The case of Rossio , 2017 .

[139]  Robert D. Brown,et al.  Planning for spectator thermal comfort and health in the face of extreme heat: The Tokyo 2020 Olympic marathons. , 2019, The Science of the total environment.

[140]  Hyungkyoo Kim,et al.  Measuring the effectiveness of San Francisco’s planning standard for pedestrian wind comfort , 2017 .

[141]  Robert D. Brown,et al.  Part A: Assessing the performance of the COMFA outdoor thermal comfort model on subjects performing physical activity , 2009, International journal of biometeorology.

[142]  D. Lai,et al.  Comparison of the linear regression, multinomial logit, and ordered probability models for predicting the distribution of thermal sensation , 2019, Energy and Buildings.

[143]  É. Correa,et al.  Adaptive model for outdoor thermal comfort assessment in an Oasis city of arid climate , 2015 .

[144]  Eduardo L. Krüger,et al.  Effect of personal and microclimatic variables on observed thermal sensation from a field study in s , 2011 .

[145]  Tzu-Ping Lin,et al.  Identifying outdoor thermal risk areas and evaluation of future thermal comfort concerning shading orientation in a traditional settlement. , 2018, The Science of the total environment.

[146]  Hong Jin,et al.  Influence of outdoor thermal environment on clothing and activity of tourists and local people in a severely cold climate city , 2020 .

[147]  Jose´ Jabaloyes,et al.  Experimental investigation on the thermal comfort in the city: relationship with the green areas, interaction with the urban microclimate , 2004 .

[148]  Noémi Kántor.  Differences between the evaluation of thermal environment in shaded and sunny position , 2016 .

[149]  M. Santamouris,et al.  Outdoor thermal sensation of pedestrians in a Mediterranean climate and a comparison with UTCI , 2013 .

[150]  M. Nikolopoulou,et al.  Seasonal differences in thermal sensation in the outdoor urban environment of Mediterranean climates – the example of Athens, Greece , 2017, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[151]  Tzu-Ping Lin,et al.  Long-term perceptions of outdoor thermal environments in an elementary school in a hot-humid climate , 2017, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[152]  Tzu-Ping Lin,et al.  Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake, Taiwan , 2008, International journal of biometeorology.

[153]  A. Berg,et al.  Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution , 2018, Scientific Data.

[154]  Z. Lian,et al.  A method to evaluate building energy consumption based on energy use index of different functional sectors , 2020 .

[155]  J. Lucchese,et al.  Designing Thermally Pleasant Open Areas: The Influence of Microclimatic Conditions on Comfort and Adaptation in Midwest Brazil , 2017 .

[156]  George Havenith,et al.  UTCI-Fiala multi-node model of human heat transfer and temperature regulation , 2012, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[157]  Eduardo L. Krüger,et al.  Identifying potential effects from anthropometric variables on outdoor thermal comfort , 2017 .

[158]  B. Xia,et al.  Local variation of outdoor thermal comfort in different urban green spaces in Guangzhou, a subtropical city in South China , 2018 .

[159]  Kenny C. S Kwok,et al.  A new method to assess spatial variations of outdoor thermal comfort: Onsite monitoring results and implications for precinct planning , 2015 .

[160]  Andreas Matzarakis,et al.  Quantification of thermal bioclimate for the management of urban design in Mediterranean climate of Barcelona, Spain , 2016, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[161]  K. Steemers,et al.  Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces , 2003 .

[162]  Edward Arens,et al.  Thermal sensation and comfort models for non-uniform and transient environments: Part I: local sensation of individual body parts , 2009 .

[163]  M. Mahdavinejad,et al.  Seasonal differences of subjective thermal sensation and neutral temperature in an outdoor shaded space in Tehran, Iran , 2018 .

[164]  Pui Kwan Cheung,et al.  Subjective outdoor thermal comfort and urban green space usage in humid-subtropical Hong Kong , 2018, Energy and Buildings.

[165]  Ruey Lung Hwang,et al.  Thermal Comfort for Urban Parks in Subtropics: Understanding Visitor’s Perceptions, Behavior and Attendance , 2013 .

[166]  A. Mahmoud.  Analysis of the microclimatic and human comfort conditions in an urban park in hot and arid regions , 2011 .

[167]  Suprava Patnaik,et al.  Thermal comfort in urban open spaces: Objective assessment and subjective perception study in tropical city of Bhopal, India , 2017 .

[168]  O. Eludoyin,et al.  The physiologic climate of Nigeria , 2013, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[169]  George Havenith,et al.  UTCI—Why another thermal index? , 2011, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[170]  P. Rajagopalan,et al.  Study of thermal satisfaction in an Australian educational precinct , 2017 .

[171]  Ivette Arroyo,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort in public space in warm-humid Guayaquil, Ecuador , 2017, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[172]  Gook-Sup Song,et al.  Comparison of human thermal responses between the urban forest area and the central building district in Seoul, Korea , 2016 .

[173]  Philip F. Yuan,et al.  The effect of personal and microclimatic variables on outdoor thermal comfort: A field study in a cold season in Lujiazui CBD, Shanghai , 2018 .

[174]  Ying Zhang,et al.  The effects of urban microclimate on outdoor thermal sensation and neutral temperature in hot-summer and cold-winter climate , 2016 .

[175]  P. Höppe.  Different aspects of assessing indoor and outdoor thermal comfort , 2002 .

[176]  M. Nikolopoulou,et al.  Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: Analysis across different European countries , 2006 .

[177]  P. Sloot,et al.  System dynamics of human body thermal regulation in outdoor environments , 2018, Building and Environment.

[178]  Hoai An Le Thi,et al.  Cross-cultural differences in thermal comfort in campus open spaces: A longitudinal field survey in China's cold region , 2020 .

[179]  Lucia Durante,et al.  Thermal sensation in outdoor urban spaces: a study in a Tropical Savannah climate, Brazil , 2019, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[180]  R. D. de Groot,et al.  Thermal comfort in urban green spaces: a survey on a Dutch university campus , 2016, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[181]  Theodore Stathopoulos,et al.  Microclimate and Downtown Open Space Activity , 2001 .

[182]  M. Alcoforado,et al.  Perception of temperature and wind by users of public outdoor spaces: relationships with weather parameters and personal characteristics , 2011, International journal of biometeorology.

[183]  A. Matzarakis,et al.  Human thermal perception of Coastal Mediterranean outdoor urban environments , 2013 .

[184]  Dalibor Petković,et al.  Thermal sensation prediction by soft computing methodology. , 2016, Journal of thermal biology.

[185]  Moohammed Wasim Yahia,et al.  Evaluating the behaviour of different thermal indices by investigating various outdoor urban environments in the hot dry city of Damascus, Syria , 2013, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[186]  Fabiana Raulino da Silva,et al.  An integrated approach for ventilation's assessment on outdoor thermal comfort , 2015 .

[187]  T. Honjo,et al.  Thermal comfort along the marathon course of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics , 2018, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[188]  Marialena Nikolopoulou,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort for pedestrians in movement: thermal walks in complex urban morphology , 2019, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[189]  Daniel Scott,et al.  Bioclimatic comfort and the thermal perceptions and preferences of beach tourists , 2014, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[190]  Tzu-Ping Lin,et al.  Adaptive comfort model for tree-shaded outdoors in Taiwan , 2010 .

[191]  H. Leng,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort and adaptive behaviors in the residential public open spaces of winter cities during the marginal season , 2019, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[192]  Ingvar Holmér,et al.  Deriving the operational procedure for the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) , 2012, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[193]  Sofia Thorsson,et al.  Thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a park: Cross-cultural and environmental attitude comparisons , 2008 .

[194]  Z. Lian,et al.  Evaluation on the performance of quilts based on young people's sleep quality and thermal comfort in winter , 2019, Energy and Buildings.

[195]  S. Thorsson,et al.  Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behaviour in an urban park in Göteborg, Sweden , 2004, International journal of biometeorology.

[196]  J. Vanos,et al.  Effects of physical activity and shade on the heat balance and thermal perceptions of children in a playground microclimate , 2017 .

[197]  J. Niu,et al.  Exploration of applicability of UTCI and thermally comfortable sun and wind conditions outdoors in a subtropical city of Hong Kong , 2020 .

[198]  Akashi Mochida,et al.  A Field Study of Thermal Comfort in Outdoor and Semi-outdoor Environments in a Humid Subtropical Climate City , 2013 .

[199]  Mohammad Taleghani,et al.  Development of outdoor thermal comfort model for tourists in urban historical areas; A case study in Isfahan , 2017 .

[200]  T. Honjo,et al.  Thermal Comfort and Outdoor Activity in Japanese Urban Public Places , 2007 .

[201]  Baruch Givoni,et al.  Man climate and architecture , 1969 .

[202]  Thomas Parkinson,et al.  Thermal pleasure in built environments: spatial alliesthesia from air movement , 2017 .

[203]  Tetsumi Horikoshi,et al.  Evaluation of outdoor thermal comfort in sunlight, building shade, and pergola shade during summer in a humid subtropical region , 2014 .

[204]  The impact of human-biometeorological factors on perceived thermal comfort in urban public places , 2016 .

[205]  Liang Liang,et al.  A glossary for biometeorology , 2014, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[206]  D. Lai,et al.  A machine learning approach to predict outdoor thermal comfort using local skin temperatures , 2020 .

[207]  E. Rajasekar,et al.  Semantics of outdoor thermal comfort in religious squares of composite climate: New Delhi, India , 2019, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[208]  Mitra Khalili,et al.  The effect of personal and microclimatic variables on outdoor thermal comfort: A field study in Tehran in cold season , 2017 .

[209]  Ferdinando Salata,et al.  Complying with the demand of standardization in outdoor thermal comfort: a first approach to the Global Outdoor Comfort Index (GOCI) , 2018 .

[210]  Hyojin Kim,et al.  Development of the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II , 2018, Building and Environment.

[211]  A. Yoshida,et al.  Evaluation of effect of tree canopy on thermal environment, thermal sensation, and mental state , 2015 .

[212]  Ruey Lung Hwang,et al.  Thermal Comfort Requirements for Occupants of Semi-Outdoor and Outdoor Environments in Hot-Humid Regions , 2007 .

[213]  Yufeng Zhang,et al.  Outdoor thermal comfort and activities in the urban residential community in a humid subtropical area of China , 2016 .

[214]  A. P. Gagge,et al.  An Effective Temperature Scale Based on a Simple Model of Human Physiological Regulatiry Response , 1972 .

[215]  Shinichi Kinoshita,et al.  Application of human thermal load into unsteady condition for improvement of outdoor thermal comfort , 2011 .

[216]  Nicole Metje,et al.  Pedestrian comfort using clothing values and body temperatures , 2008 .

[217]  Cho Kwong Charlie Lam,et al.  Effect of long-term acclimatization on summer thermal comfort in outdoor spaces: a comparative study between Melbourne and Hong Kong , 2018, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[218]  Zhang Lin,et al.  Investigation into the thermal comfort of university students conducting outdoor training , 2019, Building and Environment.

[219]  Sheng-Jung Ou,et al.  Thermal Adaptation Methods of Urban Plaza Users in Asia’s Hot-Humid Regions: A Taiwan Case Study , 2015, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[220]  Zhang Lin,et al.  Investigation into sensitivities of factors in outdoor thermal comfort indices , 2018 .