Energy Efficiency in Hybrid Mobile and Wireless Networks

Wireless Internet access is almost pervasive nowadays, and many types of wireless networks can be used to access the Internet. However, along with this growth, there is an even greater concern about the energy consumption and efficiency of mobile devices as well as of the supporting networks, triggering the appearance of the concept of green communication. While some efforts have been made towards this direction, challenges still exist and need to be tackled from diverse perspectives. Cellular networks, WLANs, and ad hoc networks in the form of wireless mesh networks are the most popular technologies for wireless Internet access. The availability of such a variety of access networks has also paved the way to explore synergistic approaches for Internet access, leading to the concept of hybrid networks and relay communications. In addition, many mobile devices are being equipped with multiple interfaces, enabling them to operate in hybrid networks. In contrast, the improvements in the battery technology itself have not matched the pace of the emerging mobile applications. The situation becomes more sophisticated when a mobile device functions also as a relay node to forward other station’s data. In the literature, energy efficiency of mobile devices has been addressed from various perspectives such as protocol-level efforts, battery management efforts, etc. However, there is little work on energy efficiency in hybrid mobile and wireless networks and devices with heterogeneous connections. For example, when there are multiple networks available to a mobile device, how to achieve optimum long-term energy consumption of such a device is an open question. Furthermore, in today’s cellular networks, micro-, pico-, and femto-cells are the most popular network topologies in order to support high data rate services and high user density. With the growth of such small-cell solutions, the energy consumption of these networks is also becoming an important concern for operators. Towards this direction, various solutions have been proposed, ranging from deployment strategies for base stations to cooperative techniques etc. However, as base stations have the largest share in a network’s energy consumption, methods that allow lightly-loaded base stations sleep or be switched off are possible means as a feasible step towards green communications. In this dissertation, we tackle the above mentioned problems from two perspectives, i.e., mobile station’s and operator’s perspectives. More specifically, by taking into account the amount of transferred data in uplinks and downlinks individually for various components in a hybrid network, strategies are proposed to reduce mobile station’s battery energy consumption. For this purpose, other parameters such

[1]  Claude E. Shannon,et al.  A Mathematical Theory of Communications , 1948 .

[2]  J.T. Louhi,et al.  Energy efficiency of modern cellular base stations , 2007, INTELEC 07 - 29th International Telecommunications Energy Conference.

[3]  Henrik Petander,et al.  Energy-aware network selection using traffic estimation , 2009, MICNET '09.

[4]  Arun Venkataramani,et al.  Energy consumption in mobile phones: a measurement study and implications for network applications , 2009, IMC '09.

[5]  Simon Hay,et al.  Decomposing power measurements for mobile devices , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom).

[6]  M. Sniedovich,et al.  A new look at Bellman's principle of optimality , 1986 .

[7]  Lin Zhong,et al.  Micro power management of active 802.11 interfaces , 2008, MobiSys '08.

[8]  A. Mammela,et al.  Impact of Mobile Relays on Throughput and Delays in Multihop Cellular Network , 2008, 2008 The Fourth International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications.

[9]  Nada Golmie,et al.  Timely Effective Handover Mechanism in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks , 2010, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[10]  Xue Jun Li,et al.  Multihop cellular networks: Technology and economics , 2008, Comput. Networks.

[11]  Sourjya Bhaumik,et al.  Breathe to stay cool: adjusting cell sizes to reduce energy consumption , 2010, Green Networking '10.

[12]  Holger Karl,et al.  Analyzing Energy Consumption in Wireless Networks by Relaying , 2001 .

[13]  I. Maros.  Computational Techniques of the Simplex Method , 2002 .

[14]  Chunming Qiao,et al.  Integrated cellular and ad hoc relaying systems: iCAR , 2001, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[15]  Venkatesh Akella,et al.  Markov decision process (MDP) framework for optimizing software on mobile phones , 2009, EMSOFT '09.

[16]  Nirwan Ansari,et al.  ICE: Intelligent Cell BrEathing to Optimize the Utilization of Green Energy , 2012, IEEE Communications Letters.

[17]  Girish Katkar,et al.  Mobile ad hoc networking: imperatives and challenges , 2003, Ad Hoc Networks.

[18]  Hossam S. Hassanein,et al.  NXG04-3: Does Multi-hop Communication Extend the Battery Life of Mobile Terminals? , 2006, IEEE Globecom 2006.

[19]  L. Chiaraviglio,et al.  Optimal Energy Savings in Cellular Access Networks , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops.

[20]  Theodore S. Rappaport,et al.  Wireless communications - principles and practice , 1996 .

[21]  Marco Ajmone Marsan,et al.  A simple analytical model for the energy-efficient activation of access points in dense WLANs , 2010, e-Energy.

[22]  R Bellman,et al.  On the Theory of Dynamic Programming. , 1952, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  Telemaco Melia,et al.  IEEE 802.21 enabled mobile terminals for optimized WLAN/3G handovers: a case study , 2007, MOCO.

[24]  A. Raghunathan,et al.  Battery-driven system design: a new frontier in low power design , 2002, Proceedings of ASP-DAC/VLSI Design 2002. 7th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference and 15h International Conference on VLSI Design.

[25]  Marco Ajmone Marsan,et al.  Energy efficient management of two cellular access networks , 2010, PERV.

[26]  Marcus Brunner,et al.  Dynamic energy-aware network re-configuration for cellular urban infrastructures , 2010, 2010 IEEE Globecom Workshops.

[27]  Jennifer J.-N. Liu,et al.  Mobile Ad Hoc Networking , 2005 .

[28]  M Kobayashi,et al.  Green Small-Cell Networks , 2011, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine.

[29]  Matthew S Gast.  802.11 Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, Second Edition , 2005 .

[30]  Guillaume Villemaud,et al.  Power consumption optimization in multi-mode mobile relay , 2009, 2009 European Wireless Technology Conference.

[31]  Kyung Sup Kwak,et al.  Power control for CDMA macro-micro cellular system , 2000, VTC2000-Spring. 2000 IEEE 51st Vehicular Technology Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37026).

[32]  H. Vincent Poor,et al.  Dimensioning network deployment and resource management in green mesh networks , 2011, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[33]  Telemaco Melia,et al.  A case study : IEEE 802 . 21 enabled mobile terminals for optimized WLAN / 3 G handovers , 2006 .

[34]  W. C. Y. Lee,et al.  Overview of cellular CDMA , 1991 .

[35]  Gerhard Fettweis,et al.  Energy Efficiency Aspects of Base Station Deployment Strategies for Cellular Networks , 2009, 2009 IEEE 70th Vehicular Technology Conference Fall.

[36]  Dirk Kutscher,et al.  Self-organized energy efficient cellular networks , 2010, 21st Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[37]  Frank Y. Li,et al.  Power consumption analysis for mobile stations in hybrid relay-assisted wireless networks , 2010, IEEE 5th International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing 2010.

[38]  Holger Claussen,et al.  Improving Energy Efficiency of Femtocell Base Stations Via User Activity Detection , 2010, 2010 IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference.

[39]  Alan Jay Smith,et al.  Software strategies for portable computer energy management , 1998, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[40]  Andrea Goldsmith,et al.  Wireless Communications , 2005, 2021 15th International Conference on Advanced Technologies, Systems and Services in Telecommunications (TELSIKS).

[41]  Krste Asanovic,et al.  Energy Aware Lossless Data Compression , 2003, MobiSys.

[42]  Imrich Chlamtac,et al.  Mobile ad hoc networking: imperatives and challenges , 2003, Ad Hoc Networks.

[43]  Frank Y. Li,et al.  Distance-related energy consumption analysis for mobile/relay stations in heterogeneous wireless networks , 2010, 2010 7th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems.

[44]  Matti Siekkinen,et al.  A System-Level Model for Runtime Power Estimation on Mobile Devices , 2010, 2010 IEEE/ACM Int'l Conference on Green Computing and Communications & Int'l Conference on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing.

[45]  Eduard A. Jorswieck,et al.  Analytical Foundation for Energy Efficiency Optimisation in Cellular Networks with Elastic Traffic , 2011, MOBILIGHT.

[46]  Pasi Eronen,et al.  Energy Consumption of Always-On Applications in WCDMA Networks , 2007, 2007 IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference - VTC2007-Spring.

[47]  R. Faure,et al.  Introduction to operations research , 1968 .

[48]  Suresh Singh,et al.  Greening of the internet , 2003, SIGCOMM '03.

[49]  Min Li,et al.  Opportunities for energy savings in pico/femto-cell base-stations , 2011, 2011 Future Network & Mobile Summit.

[50]  Dharma P. Agrawal,et al.  Issues in integrating cellular networks WLANs, AND MANETs: a futuristic heterogeneous wireless network , 2005, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[51]  Gernot Heiser,et al.  An Analysis of Power Consumption in a Smartphone , 2010, USENIX Annual Technical Conference.

[52]  Bazil Taha Ahmed.  WCDMA downlink capacity of cigar-shaped microcells for underground metro service , 2009, Eur. Trans. Telecommun..

[53]  Dan Keun Sung,et al.  The Effects of Cell Size on Energy Saving, System Capacity, and Per-Energy Capacity , 2010, 2010 IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference.

[54]  Justin Manweiler,et al.  Avoiding the Rush Hours: WiFi Energy Management via Traffic Isolation , 2012, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput..

[55]  Hassan S. Bakouch,et al.  Probability, Markov chains, queues, and simulation , 2011 .

[56]  Ziaul Haq Abbas,et al.  A novel teletraffic-based power saving scheme for cellular networks with microcells , 2011, 2011 IEEE 36th Conference on Local Computer Networks.

[57]  Nathan Ickes,et al.  Physical layer driven algorithm and protocol design for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks , 2002, MobiCom 2001.

[58]  Gregory W. Wornell,et al.  Energy-efficient antenna sharing and relaying for wireless networks , 2000, 2000 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.00TH8540).

[59]  Behnaam Aazhang,et al.  User Cooperation for Energy-Efficient Cellular Communications , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[60]  E. N. Onwuka,et al.  Energy Optimization Mechanism for Mobile Terminals using Vertical Handoff between WLAN and CDMA2000 Networks , 2009 .

[61]  Yun Won Chung.  Investigation of Energy Consumption of Mobile Station for Instant Messaging Services , 2011, 2011 Tenth International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems.

[62]  Jul-Hung Yeh,et al.  Impact of inactivity timer on energy consumption in WCDMA and cdma2000 , 2004, 2004 Symposium on Wireless Telecommunications.

[63]  Tijani Chahed,et al.  Minimizing Energy Consumption via Sleep Mode in Green Base Station , 2010, 2010 IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference.

[64]  Fayez Gebali,et al.  Analysis of Computer and Communication Networks , 2008 .

[65]  Holger Claussen,et al.  On femto deployment architectures and macrocell offloading benefits in joint macro-femto deployments , 2010, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[66]  Michalis Faloutsos,et al.  Capacity of Hybrid Cellular-Ad Hoc Data Networks , 2008, IEEE INFOCOM 2008 - The 27th Conference on Computer Communications.

[67]  Konstantina Papagiannaki,et al.  Catnap: exploiting high bandwidth wireless interfaces to save energy for mobile devices , 2010, MobiSys '10.

[68]  Songqing Chen,et al.  PSM-throttling: Minimizing Energy Consumption for Bulk Data Communications in WLANs , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols.

[69]  Ramjee Prasad,et al.  Wideband CDMA for third generation mobile communications , 1998 .

[70]  I. Miller.  Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes , 1966 .

[71]  Gokhan Memik,et al.  Into the wild: Studying real user activity patterns to guide power optimizations for mobile architectures , 2009, 2009 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO).

[72]  Liu Liu,et al.  Energy Source Aware Target Cell Selection and Coverage Optimization for Power Saving in Cellular Networks , 2010, 2010 IEEE/ACM Int'l Conference on Green Computing and Communications & Int'l Conference on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing.

[73]  Martin Nilsson,et al.  Investigating the energy consumption of a wireless network interface in an ad hoc networking environment , 2001, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2001. Conference on Computer Communications. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Society (Cat. No.01CH37213).