Dilute Acid Hydrolysis of Agro-Residues for the Depolymerization of Hemicellulose: State-of-the-Art

Geo-political, long-term economic and sustainable concerns are promoting researchers and entrepreneurs to harness the potential of lignocellulosic feedstock (LCF) into industrially significant products. Agro-residues (sugarcane bagasse, wheat straw, rice straw, corn stover, etc.) constitute the principal fraction of LCF and are available in large amounts globally. The judicious exploration of agro-residues into important products such as d-xylitol, an artificial sweetener, may provide a strong platform for its sustainable supply to the medical and non-medical applications-based sectors. Pretreatment of agro-residues by dilute acid hydrolysis is an inevitable process for the depolymerisation of hemicellulosic fraction into xylose and other sugars. Dilute acid catalyses hemicellulose fractionation at high temperature within short reaction times. Significant developments have been made in the past towards the chemical hydrolysis of agro-residues, particularly for the hemicellulose breakdown. Critical parameters such as acid load, temperature, residence time and solid-to-liquid ratio play pivotal roles in the kinetics of dilute acid hydrolysis of agro-residues. Furthermore, reactor configurations such as counter-current, plug-flow, percolation and shrinking-bed have been designed in order to maximize the sugars recovery with minimum inhibitors generation. This chapter reviews the process parameters, kinetics, methods and reactor engineering for the dilute acid catalysed processes employed for agro-residues.

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