Microvascular changes following four‐hour single arteriole occlusion

Free tissue transplantations are lengthy procedures that result in prolong tissue ischemia. Restoral of blood flow is essential for free flap recovery; however, upon reperfusion tissue that is viable may continue to be nonperfused. To further elucidate this pathophysiology skeletal muscle microcirculation was investigated during reperfusion following 4‐hour single arteriole occlusion.

[1]  L. McIntire,et al.  Mechanical effects on endothelial cell morphology: In vitro assessment , 1986, In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology.

[2]  R. Guyton,et al.  Inhibition of myocardial injury by ischemic postconditioning during reperfusion: comparison with ischemic preconditioning. , 2003, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[3]  J. Barker,et al.  In vivo microscopy of microcirculatory injury in skeletal muscle following ischemia/reperfusion , 1994, Microsurgery.

[4]  P. Johnson,et al.  Capillary velocity and tissue PO2 changes during reactive hyperemia in skeletal muscle. , 1977, The American journal of physiology.

[5]  A. Seaber,et al.  Combined effect of acute denervation and ischemia on the microcirculation of skeletal muscle , 1992, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[6]  M. Kowada,et al.  Cerebral ischemia. II. The no-reflow phenomenon. , 1968, The American journal of pathology.

[7]  R. Jennings,et al.  Effect of Reperfusion Late in the Phase of Reversible Ischemic Injury: Changes in Cell Volume, Electrolytes, Metabolites, and infrastructure , 1985, Circulation research.

[8]  M Intaglietta,et al.  Capillary flow velocity measurements in vivo and in situ by television methods. , 1975, Microvascular research.

[9]  J. Mäkitie.  Microvasculature of rat striated muscle after temporary ischemia , 1977, Acta Neuropathologica.

[10]  R. Jennings,et al.  Volume regulation and plasma membrane injury in aerobic, anaerobic, and ischemic myocardium in vitro. Effects of osmotic cell swelling on plasma membrane integrity. , 1985, Circulation research.

[11]  R. Pedowitz,et al.  Tourniquet-induced neuromuscular injury. A recent review of rabbit and clinical experiments. , 1991, Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[12]  R. Jennings,et al.  Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. , 1986, Circulation.

[13]  T. Skalak,et al.  Mechanisms and implications of capillary endothelial swelling and luminal narrowing in low-flow ischemias. , 1995, International journal of microcirculation, clinical and experimental.

[14]  Yuejin Yang,et al.  Coronary microvascular reperfusion injury and no-reflow in acute myocardial infarction. , 2007, Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale.

[15]  H. Barcroft.  AN ENQUIRY INTO THE NATURE OF THE MEDIATOR OF THE VASODILATATION IN SKELETAL MUSCLE IN EXERCISE AND DURING CIRCULATORY ARREST , 1972, The Journal of physiology.

[16]  J. Connault,et al.  Risk Factors and Therapeutic Strategy after Failure of Free Flap Coverage for Lower-Limb Defects , 2010, Journal of reconstructive microsurgery.

[17]  A. Leaf.  Regulation of intracellular fluid volume and disease. , 1970, The American journal of medicine.

[18]  D. Lewis,et al.  The relation of the post-ischemic reperfusion impairment to the severity of ischemia in the tibialis anterior muscle of the rat. , 1990, International journal of microcirculation, clinical and experimental.

[19]  T. J. Williams,et al.  PROSTAGLANDIN E2, PROSTAGLANDIN I2 AND THE VASCULAR CHANGES OF INFLAMMATION , 1979, British journal of pharmacology.

[20]  R. Hobson,et al.  Microvascular transport and endothelial cell alterations preceding skeletal muscle damage in ischemia and reperfusion injury. , 1987, American journal of surgery.

[21]  M Intaglietta,et al.  Microvascular measurements by video image shearing and splitting. , 1973, Microvascular research.

[22]  B. Povlsen,et al.  Skeletal muscle tissue oxygen pressure distribution during early reperfusion after prolonged ischaemia. , 1999, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[23]  F. Burzotta,et al.  Myocardial no-reflow in humans. , 2009, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[24]  R. Winslow,et al.  Microvascular Oxygen Delivery and Interstitial Oxygenation during Sodium Pentobarbital Anesthesia , 1997, Anesthesiology.

[25]  K. Kusza,et al.  Is the knowledge on tissue microcirculation important for microsurgeon? , 2011, Microsurgery.

[26]  G. Gores,et al.  Intracellular pH during "chemical hypoxia" in cultured rat hepatocytes. Protection by intracellular acidosis against the onset of cell death. , 1989, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[27]  D. Lewis,et al.  The effect of prolonged total ischemia on the ultrastructure of human skeletal muscle capillaries. A morphometric analysis. , 1988, International journal of microcirculation, clinical and experimental.

[28]  M. Intaglietta,et al.  Lumenal narrowing and endothelial cell swelling in skeletal muscle capillaries during hemorrhagic shock. , 1989, Circulatory shock.

[29]  R. Muelleman,et al.  Tourniquet-induced acute ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse skeletal muscles: Involvement of superoxide. , 2011, European journal of pharmacology.

[30]  G. Schmid-Schönbein,et al.  Penetration of the systemic blood pressure into the microvasculature of rat skeletal muscle. , 1991, Microvascular research.

[31]  C. Nyakas,et al.  Hemorheological, morphological, and oxidative changes during ischemia‐reperfusion of latissimus dorsi muscle flaps in a canine model , 2009, Microsurgery.

[32]  G. Schmid-Schönbein.  Capillary plugging by granulocytes and the no-reflow phenomenon in the microcirculation. , 1987, Federation proceedings.

[33]  W. Moore,et al.  Skeletal muscle function after ischemia: "no reflow" versus reperfusion injury. , 1991, The Journal of surgical research.

[34]  R. Bolli,et al.  Prolonged impairment of coronary vasodilation after reversible ischemia. Evidence for microvascular "stunning". , 1990, Circulation research.

[35]  G. Majno,et al.  Microvascular changes in acutely ischemic rat muscle. , 1969, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics.

[36]  R. Beyar.  To flow or not to flow – a matter of life and death , 2010, Acute cardiac care.

[37]  W. J. Powell,et al.  Quantitative Correlation between Cell Swelling and Necrosis in Myocardial Ischemia in Dogs , 1980, Circulation research.

[38]  K. Messmer,et al.  Technical report—a new chamber technique for microvascular studies in unanesthetized hamsters , 1980, Research in experimental medicine. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte experimentelle Medizin einschliesslich experimenteller Chirurgie.

[39]  L. Lassaletta,et al.  Arterial endothelial changes after ischemia and perfusion. , 1976, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics.

[40]  T. Skalak,et al.  Role of leukocytes and tissue-derived oxidants in short-term skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury. , 2000, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[41]  K. Messmer,et al.  Microvascular ischemia-reperfusion injury in striated muscle: significance of "no reflow". , 1992, The American journal of physiology.

[42]  R. Jennings,et al.  Cytoskeletal damage during myocardial ischemia: changes in vinculin immunofluorescence staining during total in vitro ischemia in canine heart. , 1987, Circulation research.