A computer program for testing and analyzing random generation behavior in normal and clinical samples: The Mittenecker Pointing Test

Random sequence generation tests have proved to be a useful diagnostic tool for the identification of clinically relevant impairments of executive functions and for the study of cognitive functioning in healthy individuals. The most prevalent variety, random number generation, involves several limitations, however. In the original Mittenecker Pointing Test (MPT; Mittenecker, 1958), subjects were instructed to point successively and as randomly as possible at nine unlabeled circles irregularly arranged on a cardboard. With the computer program presented here, Mittenecker’s classical test has been transferred to a contemporary format. The MPT can be applied using a standard PC keyboard and computes a series of sophisticated measures of deviations from randomness on the basis of information theory analysis. Because of its easy and well-controlled administration and reduced demands on memory and attention, the automatized MPT offers a wide range of application possibilities in normal but also in severely impaired clinical samples.

[1]  J. Born,et al.  Acute Influences of Estrogen and Testosterone on Divergent and Convergent Thinking in Postmenopausal Women , 2003, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[2]  Peter Brugger,et al.  Suppressing versus releasing a habit: frequency-dependent effects of prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation. , 2005, Cerebral cortex.

[3]  John W. Haller,et al.  Lateralized attentional abnormality in schizophrenia is correlated with severity of symptoms , 1993, Biological Psychiatry.

[4]  O. Bueno,et al.  Performance of university students on random number generation at different rates to evaluate executive functions. , 2004, Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria.

[5]  P. Brugger Variables That Influence the Generation of Random Sequences: An Update , 1997, Perceptual and motor skills.

[6]  T. Münte,et al.  Brain potentials and self-paced random number generation in humans , 2004, Neuroscience Letters.

[7]  H. Berendse,et al.  Motor perseveration is an early sign of Parkinson’s disease , 2001, Neurology.

[8]  Takashi Teraoka,et al.  SOME SERIAL PROPERTIES OF “SUBJECTIVE RANDOMNESS” , 1963 .

[9]  A Baddeley,et al.  Random Generation and the Executive Control of Working Memory , 1998, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[10]  H. Berendse,et al.  Slowing of oscillatory brain activity is a stable characteristic of Parkinson's disease without dementia. , 2007, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[11]  Claude E. Shannon,et al.  The Mathematical Theory of Communication , 1950 .

[12]  Y. Rossetti,et al.  Pseudoneglect in schizophrenia: A line bisection study with cueing , 2007, Cognitive neuropsychiatry.

[13]  Sharon L. Thompson-Schill,et al.  Role of the left inferior frontal gyrus in covert word retrieval: Neural correlates of switching during verbal fluency , 2006, Neuropsychologia.

[14]  J. Born,et al.  Effects of menstrual cycle on creativity , 1994, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[15]  Claude E. Shannon,et al.  A mathematical theory of communication , 1948, MOCO.

[16]  Alphonse Chapanis,et al.  Human Production of “Random” Numbers , 1995 .

[17]  F. J. Evans,et al.  Monitoring attention deployment by random number generation: An index to measure subjective randomness , 1978 .

[18]  R. G Brown,et al.  Executive processes in Parkinsons disease—random number generation and response suppression , 1998, Neuropsychologia.

[19]  C. E. SHANNON,et al.  A mathematical theory of communication , 1948, MOCO.

[20]  P. Lewi,et al.  Bleuler revisited: Psychomotor slowing in schizophrenia as part of a catatonic symptom cluster , 2008, Psychiatry Research.

[21]  J. Towse On random generation and the central executive of working memory. , 1998, British journal of psychology.

[22]  N. Ginsburg,et al.  Random Generation: Analysis of the Responses , 1994 .

[23]  J. Jonides,et al.  Brain mechanisms of proactive interference in working memory , 2006, Neuroscience.

[24]  [Information-statistical studies on the structure of simple response sequences in endogenous psychoses]. , 1970, Arzneimittel-Forschung.

[25]  John N. Towse,et al.  Random number generation and working memory , 2007 .

[26]  G. R. Herzog Die Zufallskonzepttheorie: Experimente zur Vorstellung vom Aufbau von Zufallsreihen , 1989 .

[27]  A. Pegna,et al.  Random motor generation in a finger tapping task: influence of spatial contingency and of cortical and subcortical hemispheric brain lesions , 1997, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[28]  N. Ginsburg,et al.  Response Bias and the Generation of Random Sequences , 1991 .

[29]  J. Kuhl,et al.  Ordnungsverhalten, Lärmbelastung und Persönlichkeit , 1974 .

[30]  M. Jahanshahi,et al.  Random number generation as an index of controlled processing. , 2006, Neuropsychology.

[31]  W. Schönpflug,et al.  [Random letter generation, stress, and personality (author's transl)]. , 1974, Psychological Research.

[32]  John N. Towse,et al.  Analyzing human random generation behavior: A review of methods used and a computer program for describing performance , 1998 .

[33]  HELMUT REMSCHMIDT Psychological Studies of Patients with Epilepsy and Popular Prejudice , 1973, Epilepsia.

[34]  A. Baddeley Exploring the Central Executive , 1996 .

[35]  A D Baddeley,et al.  The Capacity for Generating Information by Randomization , 1966, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[36]  E. Tulving Subjective organization in free recall of "unrelated" words. , 1962, Psychological review.

[37]  J. Born,et al.  Signs of sexual behaviour are not increased after subchronic treatment with LHRH in young men , 2001, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[38]  W. A. Wagenaar Subjective randomness and the capacity to generate information , 1970 .

[39]  Paul J. Lewi,et al.  Stereotypy in schizophrenia , 2006, Schizophrenia Research.

[40]  S. Avons,et al.  Executive function assessed by memory updating and random generation in schizotypal individuals , 2003, Psychiatry Research.

[41]  M. J. Emerson,et al.  The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis , 2000, Cognitive Psychology.