The morphological basis of paradigm leveling

In older stages of Latin, many nouns exhibited paradigmatic s ∼ r alternations created by rhotacism in suffixed forms, as in (1a). In the period immediately before Classical Latin, these s ∼ r alternations were eliminated by extending the r to the nominative form. At approximately the same time, an independent change shortened long vowels before word-final sonorants, resulting in the paradigm in (1b):1

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