Fishing on ecosystems: the interplay of fishing and predation in NewfoundlandLabrador

In the early 1990s, Atlantic cod, a major component of the Newfoundland-Labrador ecosystem, suffered a stock collapse, and other groundfish stocks such as American plaice and yellowtail flounder seriously declined. This paper explores whether the relative effects of predation and fishing alone can account for these ecosystem changes. The Newfoundland-Labrador ecosystem was first modelled with a mass balance model for a time period in the mid-1980s when the groundfish biomass was relatively stable. This provided the starting point for simulations using a trophodynamic simulation model, Ecosim. A series of simulations were run, under different assumptions about energy control, to address the larger question "can the effects of fishing and predation account for the changes observed in the ecosystem?" The collapse and nonrecovery of cod was replicated, assuming top-down energy control. Other control assumptions were less successful. While groundfish stocks collapsed, seal populations and invertebrates such as shrimp and snow crab increased in abundance. The model predicted these increases, while a simulated increase in harp seals further repressed the recovery rate of cod. It was concluded that these results are consistent with the hypothesis that the collapse of cod was caused by excess fishing and that cod recovery is retarded by harp seals. Resume : Au debut des annees 1990, la Morue franche, une des composantes principales de l'ecosysteme Terre- Neuve-Labrador, a subi un effondrement de stock, et les stocks d'autres poissons de fond, tels que la Plie canadienne et la Limande a queue jaune, ont connu d'importants declins. On examine ici si les effets relatifs de la predation et de la peche peuvent, a eux seuls, expliquer ces modifications de l'ecosysteme. L'ecosysteme Terre-Neuve-Labrador a d'abord ete modelise a l'aide d'un bilan massique sur une periode du milieu des annees 1980 au moment ou la biomasse des poissons de fond etait assez stable. Cela a fourni un point de depart pour des simulations faites a l'aide d'Ecosim, un modele de simulations tropho-dynamiques. Plusieurs simulations ont ete faites correspondant a des hypotheses diverses sur le controle de l'energie, dans le but de repondre a la question generale « est-ce que les effets de la peche et de la predation peuvent expliquer les changements survenus dans l'ecosysteme? » L'effondrement et l'absence de recuperation du stock de morues ont pu etre simules, lorsqu'on supposait un controle descendant de l'energie; si on posait en hypothese d'autres types de controle, les resultats laissaient a desirer. Alors que les stocks de poissons de fond s'effondraient, les populations de phoques et d'invertebres, tels que les crevettes et le Crabe des nei- ges, augmentaient de densite. Le modele a predit ces accroissements; lorsqu'on simulait un accroissement supplemen- taire de la population du Phoque du Groenland, le taux de recuperation de la morue declinait encore plus. En conclusion, ces resultats s'accordent avec l'hypothese qui veut que l'effondrement du stock de morue soit du a une surpeche et que son retablissement soit inhibe par les Phoques du Groenland. (Traduit par la Redaction) Bundy 1167

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