Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: Synopsis of a WHO report

[1]  L. Joseph Melton,et al.  Perspective how many women have osteoporosis? , 1992, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[2]  R. Rizzoli,et al.  Preferential low bone mineral density of the femoral neck in patients with a recent fracture of the proximal femur , 1991, Osteoporosis International.

[3]  L. Sandvik,et al.  Perimenopausal appendicular bone loss: a 10-year prospective study. , 1990, Bone.

[4]  M. Välimäki,et al.  Bone mineral density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in healthy finnish women , 1991, Calcified Tissue International.

[5]  M. Schwartz,et al.  Quantitative computed tomography assessment of spinal trabecular bone. II. In osteoporotic women with and without vertebral fractures. , 1984, The Journal of computed tomography.

[6]  B. Henderson,et al.  Menopausal estrogen therapy and hip fractures. , 1981, Annals of internal medicine.

[7]  P Geusens,et al.  Age-, sex-, and menopause-related changes of vertebral and peripheral bone: population study using dual and single photon absorptiometry and radiogrammetry. , 1986, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[8]  Claus Christiansen,et al.  Consensus development conference: Prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis , 2005, Osteoporosis International.

[9]  J. Reginster,et al.  1-YEAR CONTROLLED RANDOMISED TRIAL OF PREVENTION OF EARLY POSTMENOPAUSAL BONE LOSS BY INTRANASAL CALCITONIN , 1987, The Lancet.

[10]  T. Spector,et al.  Trends in admissions for hip fracture in England and Wales, 1968-85. , 1990, BMJ.

[11]  B. Dawson-Hughes,et al.  Calcium supplementation and bone loss: a review of controlled clinical trials. , 1991, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[12]  O. Johnell,et al.  Predicting fractures in women by using forearm bone densitometry , 1989, Calcified Tissue International.

[13]  Claus Christiansen,et al.  Diagnosis of Osteoporosis , 1992, Southern medical journal.

[14]  S. Cummings,et al.  Which Fractures Are Associated with Low Appendicular Bone Mass in Elderly Women , 1991 .

[15]  Caroline S. Fox,et al.  Hormone Therapy To Prevent Disease and Prolong Life in Postmenopausal Women , 1992, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[16]  S. Pors Nielsen,et al.  Bone mineral content of the lumbar spine in normal and osteoporotic women: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. , 1982, Clinical science.

[17]  D. Kiel,et al.  Thiazide diuretics and the risk of hip fracture. Results from the Framingham Study. , 1991 .

[18]  P. Mcnair,et al.  Changing incidence and residual lifetime risk of common osteoporosis-related fractures , 1993, Osteoporosis International.

[19]  M. Versluysen.  How elderly patients with femoral fracture develop pressure sores in hospital. , 1986, British medical journal.

[20]  C. Cooper,et al.  Prevalence and incidence of vertebral deformities , 1993, Osteoporosis International.

[21]  B. Riis,et al.  Discontinuous calcitonin treatment of established osteoporosis--effects of withdrawal of treatment. , 1990, The American journal of medicine.

[22]  R. Hoover,et al.  Menopausal oestrogens and breast cancer risk: an expanded case-control study. , 1986, British Journal of Cancer.

[23]  J. Kanis,et al.  Bone-density measurement , 1992, The Lancet.

[24]  P. Wiske,et al.  A prospective study of change in bone mass with age in postmenopausal women. , 1982, Journal of chronic diseases.

[25]  P. Geusens,et al.  Relative risk factors for osteoporotic fracture: A pilot study of the MEDOS questionnaire , 1991, Clinical Rheumatology.

[26]  P. Lips,et al.  Perimenopausal bone mass and risk factors. , 1989, Bone and mineral.

[27]  M. Horowitz,et al.  Bone density screening for osteoporosis. , 1990, Lancet.

[28]  R B Wallace,et al.  A model of lifetime osteoporosis impact. , 1991, Archives of internal medicine.

[29]  J. Kanis,et al.  Should we use fluoride to treat osteoporosis? A review. , 1984, The Quarterly journal of medicine.

[30]  R. Williams.  Letter: Polymyalgia rheumatica and liver disease. , 1974, Lancet.

[31]  M. Horowitz,et al.  Bone density screening for osteoporosis , 1990, The Lancet.

[32]  C. Slemenda,et al.  The contribution of bone loss to postmenopausal osteoporosis , 1990, Osteoporosis International.

[33]  C. Johnston,et al.  The loss of bone mineral with aging and its relationship to risk of fracture. , 1975, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[34]  H. Genant,et al.  Effect of intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy on bone mass and fracture rate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. , 1990, The New England journal of medicine.

[35]  B. Dawson-Hughes,et al.  A controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[36]  A. Hofman,et al.  Thiazide Diuretics and the Risk for Hip Fracture , 2003, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[37]  S. Cummings,et al.  Should perimenopausal women be screened for osteoporosis? , 1986, Annals of internal medicine.

[38]  L. Melton,et al.  A nomogram for predicting lifetime hip fracture risk from radius bone mineral density and age. , 1993, Bone.

[39]  A. vanHemert.  Epidemiology of osteoporosis and prediction of fractures : a 9-year population based follow-up study , 1989 .

[40]  Toshitaka Nakamura,et al.  Reduced occurrence of vertebral crush fractures in senile osteoporosis treated with 1 alpha (OH)-vitamin D3. , 1987, Bone and mineral.

[41]  L. Chambers,et al.  Assessing the effectiveness of community screening programs. , 1984, JAMA.

[42]  C. Cooper,et al.  Hip fractures in the elderly: A world-wide projection , 1992, Osteoporosis International.

[43]  J A Kanis,et al.  Epidemiology of vertebral osteoporosis. , 1992, Bone.

[44]  B. Nordin,et al.  The incidence of osteoporosis in normal women: its relation to age and the menopause. , 1966, The Quarterly journal of medicine.

[45]  C. Christiansen,et al.  PREDICTION OF RAPID BONE LOSS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN , 1987, The Lancet.

[46]  R. R. Peterson,et al.  Densites of bones of white and Negro skeletons. , 1960, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[47]  J. Kanis,et al.  Features of algodystrophy after Colles' fracture. , 1990, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume.

[48]  C. Slemenda,et al.  Age and bone mass as predictors of fracture in a prospective study. , 1988, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[49]  J. Zerwekh,et al.  Safe and effective treatment of osteoporosis with intermittent slow release sodium fluoride: augmentation of vertebral bone mass and inhibition of fractures. , 1989, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[50]  D. Sackett,et al.  CONTROVERSY IN THE DETECTION OF DISEASE , 1975, The Lancet.

[51]  B. Lees,et al.  Determinants of bone density in normal women: risk factors for future osteoporosis? , 1989, BMJ.

[52]  R. Wallace,et al.  Correlates of mid-radius bone density among postmenopausal women: a community study. , 1985, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[53]  J. Stepan,et al.  Bone loss and biochemical indices of bone remodeling in surgically induced postmenopausal women. , 1987, Bone.

[54]  F Duboeuf,et al.  Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[55]  J. Guralnik,et al.  The aging of America. Impact on health care costs. , 1990, JAMA.

[56]  S. Adami,et al.  Bone loss in the elderly , 2005, Osteoporosis International.

[57]  R. Lindsay,et al.  BONE RESPONSE TO TERMINATION OF ŒSTROGEN TREATMENT , 1978, The Lancet.

[58]  Claus Christiansen,et al.  Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group. , 1994, World Health Organization technical report series.

[59]  H K Genant,et al.  Contribution of vertebral deformities to chronic back pain and disability , 1992, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[60]  D. Kiel,et al.  Hip fracture and the use of estrogens in postmenopausal women. The Framingham Study. , 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

[61]  B. V. Hemert.  Epidemiology of osteoporosis and prediction of fractures : a 9-year population based follow-up study , 1989 .

[62]  S. Garn,et al.  Continuing bone expansion and increasing bone loss over a two‐decade period in men and women from a total community sample , 1992, American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council.

[63]  S. Cummings,et al.  Factors Associated with Appendicular Bone Mass in Older Women , 1993, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[64]  W. Mysiw,et al.  Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. , 1990, The New England journal of medicine.

[65]  C. Christiansen,et al.  BONE MASS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN AFTER WITHDRAWAL OF OESTROGEN/GESTAGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY , 1981, The Lancet.

[66]  P. Mollison,et al.  ABC of transfusion. Immunological complications of transfusion. , 1990, BMJ.

[67]  R. Epstein,et al.  Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women. , 1991, Annals of internal medicine.

[68]  J. Reginster,et al.  PREVENTION OF POSTMENOPAUSAL BONE LOSS BY TILUDRONATE , 1989, The Lancet.

[69]  J. Kanis,et al.  Epidemiology of osteoporosis. , 1992, Bone.

[70]  J. Vandenbroucke.  Postmenopausal oestrogen and cardioprotection , 1991, The Lancet.

[71]  O. Johnell,et al.  The predictive value of bone loss for fragility fractures in women: A longitudinal study over 15 years , 1991, Calcified Tissue International.

[72]  S. Cummings,et al.  Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures , 1993, The Lancet.

[73]  K. Maeda,et al.  Improvement of renal function with prostaglandin E1 infusion in patients with chronic renal disease. , 1974, Lancet.

[74]  P. Baghurst,et al.  Fracture rates as a function of forearm mineral density in normal postmenopausal women: Retrospective and prospective data , 1991, Calcified Tissue International.

[75]  L. Melton,et al.  LONG-TERM USE OF THIAZIDE DIURETICS AND RISK OF HIP FRACTURE , 1989, The Lancet.

[76]  T. Meade,et al.  Hormone replacement therapy in general practice: a survey of doctors in the MRC's general practice research framework. , 1991, BMJ.

[77]  James,et al.  Fractured Neck of Femur: Prevention and Management , 1989, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London.

[78]  C. Christiansen,et al.  Plasma BGP: an indicator of spontaneous bone loss and of the effect of oestrogen treatment in postmenopausal women , 1988, European journal of clinical investigation.

[79]  V. Marchand,et al.  [Epidemiology of fractures]. , 1995, Soins. Pediatrie, puericulture.

[80]  H. Adami,et al.  Prognosis after breast cancer diagnosis in women exposed to estrogen and estrogen-progestogen replacement therapy. , 1990, American journal of epidemiology.

[81]  S. Thacker,et al.  A meta-analysis of the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the risk of breast cancer. , 1991, JAMA.

[82]  E. Beckman,et al.  Estrogen replacement therapy II: a prospective study in the relationship to carcinoma and cardiovascular and metabolic problems. , 1979, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[83]  H. Adami,et al.  PROGNOSIS AFTER BREAST CANCER DIAGNOSIS IN WOMEN EXPOSED TO ESTROGEN AND ESTROGEN-PROGESTOGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY , 1989 .

[84]  B. Henderson,et al.  Decreased Mortality in Users of Estrogen Replacement Therapy , 1991, Archives of internal medicine.

[85]  H K Genant,et al.  Appendicular bone density and age predict hip fracture in women. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. , 1990, JAMA.

[86]  A. Horsman,et al.  Rise in plasma alkaline phosphatase at the menopause. , 1980, Clinical science.

[87]  W M O'Fallon,et al.  Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. , 1990, The New England journal of medicine.

[88]  J. Kanis,et al.  Algodystrophy following Colles' fracture. , 1989, Journal of hand surgery.

[89]  E. Barrett-Connor,et al.  Predictors of Stroke-Associated Mortality in the Elderly , 1984, Stroke.

[90]  B. Gullberg,et al.  The apparent incidence of hip fracture in Europe: A study of national register sources , 1992, Osteoporosis International.

[91]  C. Longcope,et al.  Predictors of bone mass in perimenopausal women. A prospective study of clinical data using photon absorptiometry , 1990 .

[92]  A. Prost,et al.  RISK-BENEFIT RATIO OF SODIUM FLUORIDE TREATMENT IN PRIMARY VERTEBRAL OSTEOPOROSIS , 1988, The Lancet.

[93]  S. Cummings.  Bone mass and bone loss in the elderly: a special case? , 1993, International journal of fertility and menopausal studies.

[94]  P. Ross,et al.  A comparison of single and multi-site BMC measurements for assessment of spine fracture probability. , 1989, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[95]  P. Lips,et al.  Calcium supplementation reduces vertebral bone loss in perimenopausal women: a controlled trial in 248 women between 46 and 55 years of age. , 1991, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[96]  G. Spears,et al.  Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with calcitriol or calcium. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[97]  J A Sorenson,et al.  Precision and accuracy of bone mineral determination by direct photon absorptiometry. , 1968, Investigative radiology.

[98]  Ja Wilson,et al.  Principles and practice of screening for disease , 1968 .

[99]  B. Lawrence Riggs,et al.  Secular trends in the incidence of hip fractures , 1987, Calcified Tissue International.

[100]  M. Weinstein,et al.  Cost effectiveness of screening perimenopausal white women for osteoporosis: bone densitometry and hormone replacement therapy. , 1990, Annals of internal medicine.

[101]  W M O'Fallon,et al.  Is caffeine consumption a risk factor for osteoporosis? , 1992, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[102]  C. Christiansen,et al.  UNCOUPLING OF BONE FORMATION AND RESORPTION BY COMBINED OESTROGEN AND PROGESTAGEN THERAPY IN POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS , 1985, The Lancet.

[103]  K. Matthews,et al.  Premenopausal determinants of menopausal estrogen use. , 1991, Preventive medicine.

[104]  R. Lindsay,et al.  BONE RESPONSE TO TERMINATION OF OESTROGEN TREATMENT , 1978 .

[105]  C. Cooper,et al.  Perspective how many women have osteoporosis? , 1992, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[106]  Harry K. Genant,et al.  Appendicular Bone Density and Age Predict Hip Fracture in Women , 1990 .

[107]  J. Kanis,et al.  Screening Techniques in the Evaluation of Osteoporosis , 1990 .

[108]  M. Vessey,et al.  Hormone Replacement Therapy in the Menopause: Risks, Benefits and Costs , 1990 .

[109]  S. Lord,et al.  Prediction of osteoporotic fractures by postural instability and bone density. , 1993, BMJ.

[110]  C. Cooper,et al.  Screening for vertebral osteoporosis using individual risk factors , 2005, Osteoporosis International.

[111]  W. O'Fallon,et al.  Long‐term fracture prediction by bone mineral assessed at different skeletal sites , 1993, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[112]  N J Wald,et al.  Strategies for prevention of osteoporosis and hip fracture. , 1991, BMJ.

[113]  M. Kleerekoper,et al.  Relationships between surface, volume, and thickness of iliac trabecular bone in aging and in osteoporosis. Implications for the microanatomic and cellular mechanisms of bone loss. , 1983, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[114]  B. Dawson-Hughes,et al.  Smoking and bone loss among postmenopausal women , 1991, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[115]  FranzW. Rosa.  Ovulation induction and neural tube defects , 1990, The Lancet.

[116]  H. Adami,et al.  Hormone replacement therapy and the risk for first hip fracture. A prospective, population-based cohort study. , 1990, Annals of internal medicine.

[117]  Tibbs Dj,et al.  HYPOXAEMIA AFTER ANAESTHESIA. , 1965 .

[118]  R. Rizzoli,et al.  Epidemiology of fractures of the proximal femur in Geneva: Incidence, clinical and social aspects , 2005, Osteoporosis International.

[119]  P. Ross,et al.  Prediction of postmenopausal fracture risk with use of bone mineral measurements. , 1985, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[120]  J. G. Evans,et al.  Perimenopausal risk of falling and incidence of distal forearm fracture , 1989 .

[121]  Bone density in postmenopausal North American Indian and Caucasian females. , 1985, Human biology.

[122]  J. Neaton,et al.  Influence of serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and cigarette smoking on death from coronary heart disease in 316,099 white men aged 35-57 years: Overall findings and differences by age , 1992 .

[123]  B. Riis,et al.  Role of peak bone mass and bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 12 year study. , 1991, BMJ.

[124]  J. Aloia,et al.  Determinants of bone mass in postmenopausal women. , 1983, Archives of internal medicine.

[125]  A. LaCroix,et al.  Thiazide Diuretic Agents and the Incidence of Hip Fracture , 1990 .

[126]  R. Wallace,et al.  Research directions in osteoporosis. , 1988, The American journal of medicine.

[127]  J. Aaron,et al.  The microanatomy of trabecular bone loss in normal aging men and women. , 1987, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[128]  J. Cauley,et al.  Prevalence and determinants of estrogen replacement therapy in elderly women , 1990, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[129]  Clinical indications for bone mass measurements , 1989 .

[130]  J. Grisso,et al.  What do physicians in practice do to prevent osteoporosis? , 1990, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[131]  W. Schaffner,et al.  Psychotropic drug use and the risk of hip fracture , 1987 .

[132]  S Phillips,et al.  The direct medical costs of osteoporosis for American women aged 45 and older, 1986. , 1988, Bone.

[133]  P. Ross,et al.  Definition of a spine fracture threshold based upon prospective fracture risk. , 1987, Bone.

[134]  P. Delmas,et al.  Biochemical markers of bone turnover for the clinical assessment of metabolic bone disease. , 1990, Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America.

[135]  C. Cooper,et al.  Osteoporosis, falls, and age in fracture of the proximal femur. , 1987, British medical journal.

[136]  S. Cummings,et al.  92213370 Appendicular bone mineral and a woman's lifetime risk of hip fracture , 1993 .

[137]  S. Cummings,et al.  Appendicular bone mineral and a woman's lifetime risk of hip fracture , 1992 .

[138]  C. Christiansen,et al.  THE DIAGNOSTIC VALIDITY OF LOCAL AND TOTAL BONE MINERAL MEASUREMENTS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS AND OSTEOARTHRITIS , 1986, Clinical endocrinology.

[139]  C. Slemenda,et al.  Baseline measurement of bone mass predicts fracture in white women. , 1989, Annals of internal medicine.

[140]  W. Dupont,et al.  Menopausal Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer , 1991, Archives of internal medicine.

[141]  E. Lévy.  Cost analysis of osteoporosis related to untreated menopause , 1989, Clinical Rheumatology.

[142]  N. Freemantle,et al.  Population screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures. , 1992, Quality in health care : QHC.

[143]  M. A. Hansen,et al.  Effect of salcatonin given intranasally on bone mass and fracture rates in established osteoporosis: a dose-response study. , 1992, BMJ.

[144]  T. Groves.  Charge the community but delay its care. , 1990, BMJ.

[145]  J. Sullivan.  Estrogen and coronary heart disease in women. , 1991, JAMA.

[146]  J. Tobias,et al.  Hormone replacement for osteoporosis , 1990, The Lancet.

[147]  C. Christiansen,et al.  Total and regional bone mass in healthy and osteoporotic women. , 1990, Basic life sciences.

[148]  C. Hassager,et al.  Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry: a precise method of measuring bone mineral density in the lumbar spine. , 1990, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[149]  A. Parfitt,et al.  Trabecular bone architecture in the pathogenesis and prevention of fracture. , 1987, The American journal of medicine.

[150]  C. Miller,et al.  Survival and ambulation following hip fracture. , 1978, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[151]  O. Johnell,et al.  Evidence for efficacy of drugs affecting bone metabolism in preventing hip fracture. , 1992, BMJ.

[152]  S G Pauker,et al.  Postmenopausal estrogens in prevention of osteoporosis. Benefit virtually without risk if cardiovascular effects are considered. , 1986, The American journal of medicine.

[153]  C. Christiansen,et al.  Effect of menopause and hormone replacement therapy on the urinary excretion of pyridinium cross-links. , 1991, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[154]  H. Adami,et al.  Time trends in incidence rates of first hip fracture in the Uppsala Health Care Region, Sweden, 1965-1983. , 1989, American journal of epidemiology.

[155]  S. Cummings,et al.  Non-trauma mortality in elderly women with low bone mineral density , 1991, The Lancet.

[156]  J. Kanka,et al.  The application of plasma tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase to assess changes in bone resorption in response to artificial menopause and its treatment with estrogen or norethisterone , 1989, Calcified Tissue International.