Aerodynamic Effects in Railway Tunnels as Speed is Increased

The aerodynamic effects occurring in a tunnel as a train moves into or through it are totally different from those observed in the open air and their amplitude and severity grow as the train speed is increased. The flow in the whole tunnel needs to be considered in the same time as the flow in the vicinity of the vehicle. Aerodynamic forces, pressure waves and acoustics have a strong impact on safety and comfort issues.