Annotating with Uses: A Promising Way to the Semantic Web

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`4P'6 G'6I I = CE` ! 4 -I& 6a5 /* ! A & = B7^! #B >' 9&! # /b^cedgfShXiPj%0X' U 7M'O! '6 ! B7A! #B , /9 Y 6 Xi cgf_EB )* 9 U / )! /0 ' 2E<d hXi $;0;' U 7 'O!Y*/ )! / )! F.2'6 CE> ! / '6=" D'692EB O 92' =kE& )*/9 U / )! /QGce 3! 'A*/ UI '6 ^ ! #B Y' I I& ?'6* # 4D J! #l ! #B S4 6 @ , /= '6! CE^! ! #B U$ / (' )! *:+l /. 0T4 G*/ */= 92E& %! # '6!Y'6 K 9B G 6 P'U / 9& */ #B 9B=3EL' B 6!H'6! (! # G / 9B */ 0 ' E-! #2'6!G 9 *H#L' B !H'O! /0 '6 A! #B KLIB O EB >' E EB J! ' =g@& B C4D= /EB7 '6.; 9&!A! #B Z / 9& */ 0 #B 9B=3Em.; */ U ZI '6 !< S! #B `$& / ('6 ! *N+l /.n'6 A / 9B */ < 6 ! #B / J e O4D 1Q 1. INTRODUCTION 5 o'6.; 9B!Z'MEB /*/' EB ` YK) /'6 /0e! # >+6 =3Ep+m 3E& `+l /.m# ' .; */ U ( `I; I 9B= '6 G' U'> U C'6 g #2'O B7 & \ 6 ('6! M! #2'O! ! #B '6 U 9B !k 6 q'C ' = ' . = E '6!H'S B O4p O ? 4D# = U B7, \ 9 /Q rg B W ! 9 '6! /=JK)0X U !U 6 ! #B / ZEB'6!H'^# 'C ? <.; / pE& / 7 B CEL W # 9B (' H'O! # P! # ' Z* UI 9&! /0B' EA! # S#B /= I<! #B ,= '6! ! g*C' I& O & E& P "= U J! CE1Q" s B / k 8 ;! #B e$& / ('6 )! * +l /. t uOv1' U '6! UI& 6 7,! #B e4 /.(.)KU' EBE& / B7:! #B X 9 Q # e$ / (' )! * +.% %9 !"IB O EB )! I; H' .B = J!5K%.; ! 4 / / #B ! 7 / B / 9B ,' 7 / )! /QP #B g U C' B ! #2'O! B !e B= KNE 'O!H'8 G9B ! .; Y (' EB S'C ' = ' . = Awx' e J!g e U ! =JKA! # S*C'6 Y! EB'/K2y 0 . 9&!e' = U !H' E 'O!H'Y' = = O4D B7U': 6 W! 4P'6 ,' 7 ! ! `z = C'6 B{G# C4m! Y )! I& !U! # ZE '6!H' b f, )*/9B U / )!( kK&I; Nf ]2 B ! 0P|,}Z 1 5$&*H# / (' 0 defS~s' B !H'O! /Q Q Qce*/*/ 6 HEB 7M! ot €Ovx0 ! #B -$ / (' )! *>+/. #B 9B=3E / ? / .; >' .B= Z! lIB O 3E& Ga 9B ! J]2 CEm'6 4 A! l 2'6! 9& Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Knowledge Markup & Semantic Annotation Victoria B.C., Canada Copyright 2000 ACM 0-89791-88-6/97/05 .. ‚ 5.00 H' = = ' 7 92'67 :V)9 / ! B /0 4D#B C' e*/9& / )!g /'6 *H#Z / 7 / eIB 6 EB (= ! % D / 9B */ / /0X 9 IBI; CEl! >* )!H' M! # A' B 4 C0k / I; ^! V)9 / /0 9 IBI; CEm! ƒ /= / '6 )! = Kp /IB / !<! # V)9 / ! -! # 9B7 #M9B 92' = =JKB !% „&IB / /Eƒ'6 )Kl '6! 9B H'6= = ' & 7 9 ' 7 Q }N 7 / H' = =JK)0&! * #B = 7 *C' =T 9 D'6 B ! / / )! ' = -! #B <$& / ('6 ! *8+l /. 0R# 9B (' / E& F9 %'O Q^ # G UIB= / ! #2'O!N…6†;‡ ˆD‰ Š ‹CŒ)Š8 H'6! #B (! #2'6 pI = '6 mE '6!H'^ G9 !8.; N ! / ? CET0 FŽ Š Ž EB'6!H'G4D#B *H#> e = '6 !D! 8! #B S9 C g!H'6 @;QP # ' = ( 8 I = / ! # '6! )* 3'6=1 \' * ! 6 P G9B ! .; g!H'6@? / ( )! G'6*/*/ 9B )!C0B 9B* #A'6 IB ' * K<'6 2EA! 9B !C0 = C' EB 78! :! # S 8*/' = = CEN+/.< " 1 9 !CQ 8! # I ' I; X4 e4D = =;.; e U e ! / ! CEU 8! # e@& B C4D= /EB7 ! / ' =XI2'6 !CQA+U.; = / (! # '6!Y4 .l / 9& */ / :*C' M.; U9B CE > (' )K<EB JT / )!D4P'/K& e. KAI; / I = %' = B7(EB JT / )!D!H' @ /0T'6 2E ' = =D! # / >9B / (*C'  6!<.; N= ! CE‘N’2“  ‡ “  0D , / ? CQ”j L! # ! #B g#2' E10 /= * ! B7(! #B Y@& B C4D= /EB7 Y*/ )!H' CEZ 'G / 9B */ G'6=J4P'/K& GE& 84D J! #/7 '6 HEl! >'Z7 ? / l!H'6 @TQN # \ 6 0X' ' EB' I&! (' 7 !% # 9 = E6!<‡ †2‰ •% /=JK^! # U /= */ J! CEM@ C4D=J CE&7 0".B9B!:' = ^! # (' * ! 92' =X9 / : P! #B 8 / 9& */ 0" '6 :! .; 8'6. = %! AIB O EB : B \ 6 ('6! B , /= / ' )! ! <' `9 BIB CE& * ! CE !H' @;QG 5 ! # SI2'6I; C0 4 8IB / )!Y7 / B H' =kIB * IB= / S / 2'6. = 7 9 P! G!H'6@? ,9B / D )! U'6*/*/ 9 )!CQ M /* ! €)0X4 <I& / / )!%! #B ( ! G9B 2E& =JKB B7> 9B 8' I& IB ' *H# Ql # / M4 <I& / / )!G#B C4–! # G' I I& ?'6* #M4 N'6I I = CE m!54 -IB Oa /* ! /bƒcgdefShXiPj—w˜ /* ! ”™?y 0D m! #B EB ('6 m U /*H#2'6 *C' = EB / 7 0R ? = 7> ! 9B* ! 9B CElEB )*/9B U / )! , W š' i cgf_'6I IB= *C'O! 01'6 2ENdghXi $^w˜ /* ! >›)y 0; N! #B :EB ('6 Z G9B=J! U /EB '` ! / ' =˜0e ? = 7-I; ) 6 = Kp ! 9 * ! 9& CEm'692EB O J 92'6=PEB )* 9 U / )! /Q`~q 2'6= =JK-4 NE& */9 G! #B A' EB ' )!H'67 / % D! # ' IBIB ' *H#p  * ! nu ' EL* UI2'O N J!U! /= '6! CEƒ4 @ U /* ! œ&Q 2. USES AND KNOWLEDGE BOXES ”! #B Z /* ! 10,4 lIB / / )!Z! #B ^ B ! B >9 EB =JK& 7L 9B ' IBIB ' *H# 0X.2' /Eƒ p'6 2EM „ ! / EB 7Z! #B <*/ */ IB! 8I& / / )! CE -tJCžOvFQ Ÿ Š ¡ Š †2‡ ¢  ‡ †B¡"ˆ  ‰\‰)£HŠ ‹)Š ¤U‡6† ¡ ¢˜“  ¢ Š ‹Sˆ  ¢W :g¡ ¤8 ‰\‰ Š ¥? ¤ ’;‰ ŠC¦gG¡  ¤ ’;‰ ŠD…?Š •6ˆX‡ “ ‹ ¡S£H6¡/Š ‹U¡ Š 6“ §H Š † Œ  †;Š Ž ̈D‰ Š  ¡ ŠG†;‡ ¢ ŠP©"“ ¡ ¢D¢W B ¢Dˆ Š8‹)Š ¡ § “  £ ŠG¢W ŠGa ¡ Š ¡8‡5« ¢W ŠA¡ Š  “ §H pŠ †)Œ  †TŠ  ¢˜¡ Š ‰ « ¬ “  ¢W Š “A¢W B †L¢W Š<a ¡/Š ¡A‡5« ¢W Š`£ “ ‡ ˆ"¡ Š “ ¬8ˆq  §H  ¡<¢W Š  † ¢ Š “W«/?§HŠ`£ Š ¢˜ˆ Š Š †o¢W Š a&¡ Š “g †2‹:¢W Šg¡ Š  “ §H <Š † Œ  †;Š Ž Ÿ Š £ “ ‡ ˆ"¡ Š “  ¡ ¤GaB§H ¤U‡ “ Š8­ Š “H¡  ¢  ‰ ŠA †;‹  ¢˜¡:a ¡ ŠU¤8‡C‹)Š ‰R¢F‡C‡`§ ‡ ¤g’;‰ Š ¥N¢F‡ ©k¢P‡6a&“%Š ¥?6¤ ’;‰ Š Ž 2.1 Use model, task model cg )K` 3!54P'O ( KB ! Z0q */= 9 EB 7>'A4 /.M'67 / )!: %'< W9B! 9& $ / (' )! *S+/.Z' 7 !C0T )! H'6* ! ,E& * ! =JKZ 2EB J /* ! = K<4D J! # ' # 9B (' >'67 / )!CbP! # z 9 {&Q, #B := 'O! ! S*C'6 >#2' EB= :*/ B*/ /IB! 9& '6= = K-'Z 9 G.; S (z . a /* ! {>! # ' @ ,! Z! #B U KB ! ZQA+l U*C' = = ! #B D! #B ,9 S U E& /=T R! #B , K& ! / ZQ ®N ̄/°8±^213 ́°&μ ¶X # X9 U E& /=) 2'g 3!54 '6 P K& ! / %! #B < !G %‡?£\·OŠ § ¢˜¡Y 6 g! #B A K& ! / ̧! # (9B 8*C'6 #2'6 2E&= 0 '6 2Eƒ' = =P! # ^‡ ’BŠ “ 6¢  ‡ † ¡% # A*C'6 I; W 4D J! #N! # S . a /* ! /Q cg )Kƒ!H' @L & = B7l! # > K& ! / 1*/' m .& 9B =JKp.; Z /I& ! /EL.)KU /' % /= / U / )! G 6 g! #B N9 A U EB =xQMcg=J! # 9 7 # 9B* #L U EB = %4 Z */ N !8 „&I = */ J! = KL'C ' = ' .B= Mw\! #B K-4 G.; CEBEB CEN >! # : 3!54 '6 8*/ E& Oy 0;! # e ˜' * !S , C4o*H#2'6 7 B7B0 ! # ' B@& e! A! #B % B* C' B7N9 % . a /* !, / )! CE`EB / 7 10 ' 2E )! U CE& '6! A=3'6 7 92' 7 / U'6= = C4D 7»z5 „ ! ' = {lE& / * IB! 8 6 .&a5 /* ! /0k'C ' = ' . = 8! N! #B 89 <w˜ I; /*/ ' = =JKl W :7 H'6I # *C'6= 9B )! \' */ / P1⁄4p* 5Q" \ 6 „ '6 UI = S1⁄2 = ' EB /|,}Z k3⁄4 y Q Ÿ ŠGa ¡ Š8¤8‡C‹)Š ‰"‡ «8‡6a&“UŠ ¥? ¤ ’2‰ Š8¡ Š  “ §H ƒŠ †)Œ  †TŠ  ¡,¿ a  ¢ ŠS¡  ¤g’;‰ ŠC¦  ¢  †B­6‡ ‰ ­ Š ¡ À Á?Â/ÃxÄ Â ÅS ¡ ¡ Š ¢˜¡Y‡ «,ÆOÂ5Ç È É1Ê ÃxË6Å  †2‹:“ Š ¢˜a “H†>SÃx ŠÁ?ÌJÍ ́Ì Ä Å Í ¬Tˆq Š “ Š,Š ?§H (“ Š ¡ a&‰ ¢  ¡ N‰  † …U¢F‡> É Â/ÎNÃxÂ Å Ê Á?ÃxÏ/ ŽNÐ a Š “  Š ¡G6“ Š%¡ aB£ ¤  ¢˜¢ Š ‹ ¬ “ Š ¡ a&‰ ¢˜¡  †^¢W BŠ%“ Š ¡ a&‰ ¢D‰  ¡ ¢e “ Š%¢˜“  ­ Š “ ¡ Š ‹Z¢F‡<¢W Š8§ ‡ “ Ñ “ Š ¡x’&‡ †2‹  †)Œ^ˆ Š/£:’&CŒ)Š ¬Y †2‹l§  †p£ Š(¢˜“  ­ Š “H¡ Š ‹M£ ?§H… ¢F‡Z¢W Š8“ Š ¡ a&‰ ¢ ‰  ¡ ¢YÒxa ¡HaB ‰W‰ • £ •G’2“ Š ¡ ¡  † Œ ¢W BŠpÓ £ ?§H… Ô £ a ¢˜¢F‡ †l‡ «,¢W ŠG£ “ ‡6ˆk¡ Š “ Õ Ž cg=J! # 9 7 #,! # " 6! S T¢F ¡ …g¤U‡C‹)Š ‰H#2'6 q'6= /' E&K .; / / S= '6 7 /=JK ! 9 EB CEƒt ž&0 /™6vx0 ́4 8# 8*/ B EB Y J!,4D J! #^ I; /* !S! <! #B G B ! D9B U U EB /=DbY4D# = ('Z7 ? / `!H' @` :I; W U CET0 ́! # 'O U' EBEB J! ' =" /= '6! B %'6 2E */ B ! H' )! Y.; !54 / / ` . a /* ! Y 6 ! #B D9 e U EB /=˜QRÖg / */ P4 g*C'6 (EB ] e',!H' @% U EB /= ' X W = = C4D /Q × Ø ̄CÙp±^213 ́°&μ ¶Yh" ? KZ!H'6 @Z U EB =q ,'U / ! * ! ! # ,9B U E& /=˜b" ! I; /*/ J]2 / 4D#B * #<IB I; ! P ! # Y .&a5 /* ! S'O G'6= 4 '/KB ? J]2 CENEB9B B7(! #B Y*/ I; EB 7%!H' @BÚ Q +:4D #`! ZE H'C4Û! #B % C' EB C Y'O! ! / )! l `! #B % ˜'6* !S! #2'O! ! #B -!H' @o U EB = `'6 `4 ƒEB ] CEn! # / Ü'O /I; ! B7p!H' @ H'O! # e! #2'6 >IB / * .B 78! # ZQPÖ / B*/ S 9& ,E& ]2 B J! > g U 6 7 / H' =?! #2'6 ! # " / 9 92'6= = K IB I; CET0C4D# = X * = 9 EB 7P! #B / Zb 9B !H'6 @U U EB /= X*/ 9B=3E(I; .B= K(.; gIB / * I&! ? 0)! # 9 7 #A! #B K 4 9B=3E<.; S= g „&IB= *C'O! ? 8w˜* QT€ Q € y Q ÝZŠ`‹)Š ¡ § “  £HŠZ Š “ Š>¢˜ˆX‡-¢˜•H’  §  ‰D¢F ¡ …6¡  †ma ¡  † Œ >¡/Š  “ §H Š †)Œ  †TŠ ¬ £ •>¤(Š  †B¡(‡ «8¢W Š(a ¡ Š(¤8‡C‹)Š ‰X‹)Š Ñ ¡ § “  £ Š ‹?£ ‡ ­ Š Ž Ÿ ŠZ¢F ¡ …L‡ «(Å ÏHÞ?ß)ß)Ä ßCàpÍ á)Â>Ãx ŠÁ?Ì Í\Å 3⁄4Oâ ã äRå&æ çCè è é æ ê êOëBì í6î)ï ð ëBñOò&ógï ð ò ô ë?ê õ 0)|S}Z >= ' B7 9 ' 7 e \ 6 PEB * .B B787 H'6I # *C'6= ́ )! ˜'6*/ / /0; )! I& ! CEN'O!P 9 )! U Q Ú/ # " " 6 ;*/ 9& D' K& ! / 8 F*/ / )! CEY 4SQ"~B o! # I; )!" 6 4» R! #B S9 C0B!H' @ 'O S /= '6! CEN! 87 ?'6= /0;4D#B * #>'O Y W! UIB= */ J!Y'6 2E „ ! 2'6=q! A! #B G9B G U EB =xQ: F!, Y' = N B ! 4 ! #)KA! #2'O!e! #B S9 S U E& /= 6 k'8 K& ! / ö*C' Z J! /=J k.; S*/ EB /E '6 G'A!H' @l U E& /=" e'Z= '6 7 % KB ! 1⁄4p W % „B' UI = 0 ! # U9B U E& /=T "'Y4 6 HENIB )*/ B7U' IBI = *C'6! > D':!H' @( U EB /=; N' I& EB9B* ! & J! K< 9B J! Q §H‡6† ¡  ¡ ¢˜¡ ¬TŒ  ­ Š †A “ Š ¡Ha&‰ ¢ ́‰  ¡ ¢˜¬  †8¢˜“  ­ Š “H¡  † ŒY¢W ŠD‰  †&…6¡ ‡ «Z¢W Š`“ Š ¡ a&‰ ¢U‰  ¡ ¢ «/‡ “Hˆ 6“ ‹”Òx¢F‡ƒ¢W Š`“ Š ¡ ‡ a “ § Š5ÕL †2‹ £H §H…6ˆ 6“ ‹Òx¢F‡`¢W BŠA“ Š ¡ a&‰ ¢S‰  ¡ ¢ Õ Ž Ÿ Š<‰  ¡ ¢ ‰  †&…Z¤U • £ Š8¢˜“ 6­ Š “ ¡ Š ‹%« ‡ “ ˆX “ ‹ ‡ †2‰ •^Ò  †-ˆq  §H -§  ¡ ŠU¢W Š8“ Š Ñ ¡Ha&‰ ¢  ¡D§ ‡ † ¡  ‹)Š “ Š ‹8:¡ aB§ § Š ¡ ¡FÕ%‡ “1«/‡ “HˆX “ ‹% †;‹%£H §H… Ñ ˆ 6“ ‹ZÒ  †Zˆq  §H N§  ¡ Š,¢W ŠS“ Š ¡ aB‰ ¢X¤U •8£HŠ:§ ‡ †B¡  ‹)Š “ Š ‹ g«/  ‰ a “ Š5Õ Ž ÷ †;‡ ¢W Š “N¢˜• ’  §H ‰ ¢F ¡ …  ¡A¢W BŠ ‡6†TŠZ‡ «<ÃxÂCø)ß)Ä ßCà-Þ À Á?Â/ÃJÇ ¦%Œ  ­ Š †LN“ Š ¡ aB‰ ¢ ‰  ¡ ¢D“ Š ¢˜a “ †;Š ‹l£ •Z¡ aB£ ¤  ¢˜¢  † Œ ¿ a2Š “H•Yù 3⁄4 ¬kG†;Š ˆm¿ a Š “H•Yù Ú  ¡g¡ aB£ ¤  ¢˜¢ Š ‹6¬ § ‡ †B¢F  † Ñ  † ŒZù 3⁄4 ’;‰ a ¡A¡ ‡6¤(Š>‡ ¢W Š “<…?Š •6ˆX‡ “ ‹6¡ Ž Ÿ BŠAŒ?‡C ‰g‡5« ¡HaB§H ^(¢F ¡ …  ¡,¢F‡<“ Š ‹ aB§ Š%¢W BŠ%† a ¤U£HŠ “%‡ «:“ Š ¡ aB‰ ¢˜¡  † ¢W ŠY“ Š ¡Ha&‰ ¢P‰  ¡H¢ Ž 2.2 Use cases #B N !( 6 , .&a5 /* ! Mz5 ? = CEB{` L! #B N9 C 8!H'6 @M#2'6 8 J! ¡ ¢F ¢ Š *H#2'6 7 /ES'6! C' *H#Y I; H'O! YI; \ 6 U CE .)K ! #B