Tracking eye fixations with electroocular and electroencephalographic recordings.

We describe a method, based on recordings of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and eye movement potentials (electrooculogram), to track where on a screen (x,y coordinates) an individual is fixating. The method makes use of an empirically derived beam-forming filter (derived from a sequence of calibrated eye movements) to isolate eye motion from other electrophysiological and ambient electrical signals. Electrophysiological researchers may find this method a simple and inexpensive means of tracking eye movements and a useful complement to scalp recordings in studies of cognitive phenomena. The resolution is comparable to that of many commercial systems; the method can be implemented with as few as four electrodes around the eyes to complement the EEG electrodes already in use. This method may also find some specialized applications such as studying eye movements during sleep and in human-machine interfaces that make use of gaze information.

[1]  N. Miller,et al.  THE CORNEO-RETINAL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE AS THE BASIS OF THE GALVANOMETRIC METHOD OF RECORDING EYE MOVEMENTS , 1935 .

[2]  H. C. Burger,et al.  HEART-VECTOR AND LEADS. , 1948, British heart journal.

[3]  H. C. Burger,et al.  HEART-VECTOR AND LEADS. Part II , 1947, British heart journal.

[4]  R. W. Ditchburn,et al.  Involuntary eye movements during fixation , 1953, The Journal of physiology.

[5]  H D Crane,et al.  Accurate two-dimensional eye tracker using first and fourth Purkinje images. , 1973, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[6]  L R Young,et al.  Eye-movement measurement techniques. , 1975, The American psychologist.

[7]  R A Monty,et al.  An advanced eye-movement measuring and recording system. , 1975, The American psychologist.

[8]  Eye Movements Simultaneously Recorded by Electrooculographic and Photoelectric Methods , 1979, Perceptual and motor skills.

[9]  T Elbert,et al.  Some remarks on the development of a standardized time constant. , 1980, Psychophysiology.

[10]  A. Zinober.  Matrices: Methods and Applications , 1992 .

[11]  P. Berg,et al.  Dipole models of eye movements and blinks. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[12]  A. B. Rami Shani,et al.  Matrices: Methods and Applications , 1992 .

[13]  Géry d'Ydewalle,et al.  A comparison of a new limbus tracker, corneal reflection technique, Purkinje eye tracking and electro-oculography. , 1993 .

[14]  Daniel S. Ruchkin.  AC-to-DC Inverse Filtering of Event-Related Potentials , 1993 .

[15]  John R. Pugh,et al.  The Measurement of Small Eye Movements Using an Infra-Red Limbus Reflection Technique , 1994 .

[16]  Wim Sweldens,et al.  The lifting scheme: a construction of second generation wavelets , 1998 .

[17]  R N Vigário,et al.  Extraction of ocular artefacts from EEG using independent component analysis. , 1997, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[18]  Eric Moulines,et al.  A blind source separation technique using second-order statistics , 1997, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[19]  T. Lagerlund,et al.  Spatial filtering of multichannel electroencephalographic recordings through principal component analysis by singular value decomposition. , 1997, Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society.

[20]  John Porrill,et al.  Independent Component Analysis and Projection Pursuit: A Tutorial Introduction , 1998 .

[21]  Z. Koles,et al.  Trends in EEG source localization. , 1998, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[22]  Adel Belouchrani,et al.  JOINT CUMULANT AND CORRELATION BASED SIGNAL SEPARATION WITH APPLICATION TO EEG DATA ANALYSIS � , 2001 .

[23]  S. Wu,et al.  Adler's Physiology of the Eye , 2002 .

[24]  C. Joyce,et al.  Variability in AC amplifier distortions: estimation and correction. , 2002, Psychophysiology.