From the view of fiber science and technology, the organized structure found in natural fibrous materials (cotton, wool, and silk) (“fiber system”) are made up from a hierarchical structure of micro-fiber, or to use the keyword of today, the nanofiber, as the basic unit. Today, fiber-related fields develop widely in relation to the living body (bio), sugar chains, organs, environment, and IT (information). There are a vast number of structural models in nature: the cobweb, iridescence, supra-structures in the skin of tunicates, the flexibility of bamboo, leaves of plants, and the structure and functions of bio-organs. Since developments of new functionalized fibers are based on sophisticated biomimetics, the developments lead to second-dimensional functions and then on to supra-organized fibers or fibers amalgamated in third-dimensional functions to fourth-dimensional functionalized intelligent fibers. These can control environmental changes and utilize various “new system” in fiber science and its related fields. These could lead to the creation of ultra-fiber mimicking biosystems and having functions and structures better than those of the original biosystem (super-biomimetics fibers). Here, the “nanofiber” becomes important. This chapter presents the possible development of fiber technology in the 21st century by integrating different fields.
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