Looking Beyond RtI Standard Treatment Approach: It's Not Too Late to Embrace the Problem-Solving Approach

There are two approaches for providing Tier 2 interventions within Response to Intervention (RtI): standard treatment protocol (STP) and the problem-solving approach (PSA). This article describes the multi-tiered RtI prevention model being implemented across the United States through an analysis of these two approaches in reading instruction. It examines the drawbacks of relying solely on STP, the currently preferred method for delivering interventions to meet the needs of struggling readers, and advocates for the consideration of PSA at Tier 2 to achieve the goal of RtI: high-quality instruction for all and meeting the needs of individual students.

[1]  Lynn S. Fuchs,et al.  Introduction to Response to Intervention: What, Why, and How Valid Is It?. , 2006 .

[2]  C. Schatschneider,et al.  Reducing the Incidence of Early Reading Difficulties: Professional Development for Classroom Teachers vs. Direct Interventions for Children. , 2008, Learning and individual differences.

[3]  G. Roberts,et al.  Implementing Response to Intervention: Practices and Perspectives from Five Schools--Frequently Asked Questions. , 2009 .

[4]  Theodore J. Christ,et al.  Supporting valid decision making: Uses and misuses of assessment data within the context of RTI , 2012 .

[5]  Jessica R. Toste,et al.  Understanding Unresponsiveness to Tier 2 Reading Intervention , 2014 .

[6]  D. Sackett,et al.  Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't , 1996, BMJ.

[7]  Sharon Vaughn,et al.  Research-Based Implications From Extensive Early Reading Interventions , 2007 .

[8]  Angela Urick,et al.  Just-in-time pedagogy: teachers' perspectives on the response to intervention framework , 2013 .

[9]  Michael D. Coyne,et al.  Addressing False Positives in Early Reading Assessment Using Intervention Response Data , 2015 .

[10]  C. Schatschneider,et al.  Understanding Inadequate Response to First-Grade Multi-Tier Intervention , 2014, Learning disability quarterly : journal of the Division for Children with Learning Disabilities.

[11]  John M. Hintze,et al.  How Much Growth Can We Expect? A Conditional Analysis of R—CBM Growth Rates by Level of Performance , 2007 .

[12]  Randall J. Ryder,et al.  Longitudinal Study of Direct Instruction Effects From First Through Third Grades , 2006 .

[13]  Theodore J. Christ,et al.  Curriculum-Based Measurement of Reading: Is 6 Weeks of Daily Progress Monitoring Enough? , 2014 .

[14]  Shirley V. Dickson,et al.  Reading Instruction Grouping for Students with Reading Difficulties , 2003 .

[15]  Patrick P. Mccabe,et al.  Introduction to the Role of Curriculum-Based Measurement in Response to Intervention , 2012 .

[16]  Douglas Fuchs,et al.  Responsiveness‐to‐Intervention: Definitions, Evidence, and Implications for the Learning Disabilities Construct , 2003 .

[17]  Sharon Vaughn,et al.  How effective are one-to-one tutoring programs in reading for elementary students at risk for reading failure? A meta-analysis of the intervention research , 2000 .

[18]  Thomas R. Kratochwill,et al.  Toward Developing a Science of Treatment Integrity: Introduction to the Special Series. , 2009 .

[19]  Sharon Vaughn,et al.  Response to Varying Amounts of Time in Reading Intervention for Students With Low Response to Intervention , 2008, Journal of learning disabilities.

[20]  Deborah C. Simmons,et al.  Adjusting Beginning Reading Intervention Based on Student Performance: An Experimental Evaluation , 2013 .

[21]  Julie Alonzo,et al.  Applied Curriculum-Based Measurement as a Predictor of High-Stakes Assessment: Implications for Researchers and Teachers , 2011, The Elementary School Journal.

[22]  Daryl F. Mellard,et al.  RTI Tier Structures and Instructional Intensity , 2010 .

[23]  Laura A. Barquero,et al.  Efficacy of a First-Grade Responsiveness-to-Intervention Prevention Model for Struggling Readers. , 2013 .

[24]  Steven E. Knotek Sustaining RtI through Consultee-Centered Consultation , 2005 .

[25]  Marla F. Crawford Individuals with disabilities education improvement act of 2004 noncompliance determination complaints in commonwealth states , 2013 .

[26]  Jack M. Fletcher,et al.  The effects of theoretically different instruction and student characteristics on the skills of struggling readers , 2005 .

[27]  Tanya Ihlo,et al.  Modifying instruction within tiers in multitiered intervention programs , 2012 .

[28]  T. Kratochwill,et al.  Professional Development in Implementing and Sustaining Multitier Prevention Models: Implications for Response to Intervention , 2007 .