A Constraint-Based Autonomous 3D Camera System

Camera control techniques for interactive digital entertainment (IDE) are reaching their limits in terms of capabilities. To enable future growth, new methods must be derived to address these new challenges. Existing academic research into camera control is typically devoted to cinematography and guided exploration tasks, and is not directly applicable to IDE. This paper describes a novel application of constraint satisfaction in the design of a camera system that addresses the unique and difficult challenges of IDE. It demonstrates a specialized constraint solver that exploits the spatial structure of the problem, enabling the real-time use of the camera system. The merit of our solution is highlighted by demonstrating the computational efficiency and ability to extend the cameras capabilities in a simple and effective manner.

[1]  David Salesin,et al.  The virtual cinematographer: a paradigm for automatic real-time camera control and directing , 1996, SIGGRAPH.

[2]  Abdul Sattar,et al.  Applying Constraint Weighting to Autonomous Camera Control , 2005, AIIDE.

[3]  Abdul Sattar,et al.  Autonomous Camera Control with Constraint Satisfaction Methods , 2006 .

[4]  Abdul Sattar,et al.  Applying Constraint Satisfaction Techniques to 3D Camera Control , 2004, CP.

[5]  Steven M. Drucker,et al.  Intelligent camera control for graphical environments , 1994 .

[6]  Patrick Olivier,et al.  Virtual Camera Planning: A Survey , 2005, Smart Graphics.

[7]  Vipin Kumar,et al.  Algorithms for Constraint-Satisfaction Problems: A Survey , 1992, AI Mag..

[8]  Brian Hawkins Real-Time Cinematography for Games (Game Development Series) , 2004 .

[9]  John E. Laird,et al.  Human-Level AI's Killer Application: Interactive Computer Games , 2000, AI Mag..

[10]  Marc Christie,et al.  A Constraint-Based Approach to Camera Path Planning , 2003, Smart Graphics.

[11]  N. Bobick Rotating objects using quaternions , 1998 .

[12]  William H. Bares,et al.  A Model for Constraint-Based Camera Planning , 2000 .

[13]  Nicolas Halper Supportive presentation for computer games , 2003, Ausgezeichnete Informatikdissertationen.

[14]  Steven M. Drucker,et al.  CamDroid: a system for implementing intelligent camera control , 1995, I3D '95.

[15]  Marc Christie,et al.  A Semantic Space Partitioning Approach to Virtual Camera Composition , 2005, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[16]  Marc Christie,et al.  Modeling Camera Control with Constrained Hypertubes , 2002, CP.

[17]  William H. Bares,et al.  Virtual 3D camera composition from frame constraints , 2000, ACM Multimedia.

[18]  Kristina C. Sprietzer Interactive Computer Games as Educational Supplements , 1993 .

[19]  Steven M. Drucker,et al.  Intelligent Camera Control in a Virtual Environment , 1994 .

[20]  Abdul Sattar,et al.  Evolving behaviours for a real-time autonomous camera , 2005 .

[21]  Patrick Olivier,et al.  CamPlan: A Camera Planning Agent , 2000 .

[22]  James C. Lester,et al.  Intelligent multi-shot visualization interfaces for dynamic 3D worlds , 1998, IUI '99.

[23]  Marc Christie,et al.  Interval constraint solving for camera control and motion planning , 2000, TOCL.

[24]  Brian Hawkins Real-Time Cinematography for Games , 2005 .

[25]  Thomas Strothotte,et al.  A Camera Engine for Computer Games: Managing the Trade‐Off Between Constraint Satisfaction and Frame Coherence , 2001, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[26]  D. Arijon,et al.  Grammar of Film Language , 1976 .

[27]  James C. Lester,et al.  Realtime Constraint-Based Cinematography for Complex Interactive 3D Worlds , 1998, AAAI/IAAI.