Timing and shaping influences on the motor output for walking in stick insects

An examination of the literature on walking stick insects shows: sensory influences on the transition from stance to swing phase (timing influences) also influence the shape of the stance phase motor output, as far as this was tested. Therefore, the distinction between timing and shaping influences seems to be artificial in this case. The results suggest that the walking pattern generator is a relaxation oscillator.

[1]  T. Brown.  Die Reflexfunktionen des Zentralnervensystems mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der rhythmischen Tätigkeiten beim Säugetier , 1916 .

[2]  L. D. Harmon.  Neuromimes: Action of a Reciprocally Inhibitory Pair , 1964, Science.

[3]  Donald M. Wilson,et al.  Models for the generation of the motor output pattern in flying locusts , 1968 .

[4]  U. Bässler.  Interaction of central and peripheral mechanisms during walking in first instar stick insects, Extatosoma tiaratum , 1979 .

[5]  A. Lundberg.  HALF-CENTRES REVISITED , 1981 .

[6]  U. Bässler,et al.  EFFECTS OF AFFERENCE SIGN REVERSAL ON MOTOR ACTIVITY IN WALKING STICK INSECTS (CARAUSIUS MOROSUS) , 1981 .

[7]  H. Cruse,et al.  COORDINATED WALKING OF STICK INSECTS ON A MERCURY SURFACE , 1981 .

[8]  U. Bässler,et al.  Motor Output of the Denervated Thoracic Ventral Nerve Cord in the Stick Insect Carausius Morosus , 1983 .

[9]  Professor Dr. Ulrich Bässler.  Neural Basis of Elementary Behavior in Stick Insects , 1983, Studies of Brain Function.

[10]  H. Cruse.  Which Parameters Control the Leg Movement of a Walking Insect?: I. Velocity Control during the Stance Phase , 1985 .

[11]  H. Cruse.  Which parameters control the leg movement of a walking insect? II: The start of the swing phase , 1985 .

[12]  H. Cruse.  Coactivating Influences Between Neighbouring Legs in Walking Insects , 1985 .

[13]  Holk Cruse,et al.  The influence of load, position and velocity on the control of leg movement of a walking insect , 1985 .

[14]  U. Bässler,et al.  Response characteristics of single trochanteral campaniform sensilla in the stick insect, Cuniculina impigra , 1986 .

[15]  U. Bssler.  Afferent control of walking movements in the stick insectCuniculina impigra: II. Reflex reversal and the release of the swing phase in the restrained foreleg , 1986 .

[16]  H. Cruse.  A quantitative model of walking incorporating central and peripheral influences , 2004, Biological Cybernetics.

[17]  U. Bässler.  On the definition of central pattern generator and its sensory control , 1986, Biological Cybernetics.

[18]  U. Bässler,et al.  Leg movements of stick insects walking with five legs on a treadwheel and with one leg on a motor-driven belt , 1985, Biological Cybernetics.

[19]  U. Bässler.  Afferent control of walking movements in the stick insectCuniculina impigra , 1986, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[20]  H. Cruse,et al.  The coordination of force oscillations and of leg movement in a walking insect (Carausius morosus) , 1980, Biological Cybernetics.

[21]  G. Wendler.  Laufen und Stehen der Stabheuschrecke Carausius morosus: Sinnesborstenfelder in den Beingelenken als Glieder von Regelkreisen , 1964, Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie.

[22]  D. Graham,et al.  Influence of loading parallel to the body axis on the walking coordination of an insect , 1983, Biological Cybernetics.

[23]  U. Bässler.  Zur Beeinflussung der Bewegungsweise eines Beines von Carausius morosus durch Amputation anderer Beine , 1972, Kybernetik.

[24]  D. Graham.  Simulation of a model for the coordination of leg movement in free walking insects , 1977, Biological Cybernetics.

[25]  H. Cruse,et al.  A quantitative model of walking incorporating central and peripheral influences , 1980, Biological Cybernetics.

[26]  H. Cruse,et al.  Oscillations of force in the standing legs of a walking insect (Carausius morosus) , 1980, Biological Cybernetics.

[27]  H. Cruse.  The function of the legs in the free walking stick insect,Carausius morosus , 1976, Journal of comparative physiology.

[28]  D. Graham.  A behavioural analysis of the temporal organisation of walking movements in the 1st instar and adult stick insect (Carausius morosus) , 1972, Journal of comparative physiology.

[29]  U. Bässler.  Sensory control of leg movement in the stick insect Carausius morosus , 1977, Biological Cybernetics.

[30]  H. Cruse.  A new model describing the coordination pattern of the legs of a walking stick insect , 1979, Biological Cybernetics.