Modularity and the Social Mind

A modular view of the mind implies that there is no unitary “self” and that the mind consists of a set of informationally encapsulated systems, many of which have functions associated with navigating an inherently ambiguous and competitive social world. It is proposed that there are a set of cognitive mechanisms—a social cognitive interface (SCI)—designed for strategic manipulation of others' representations of one's traits, abilities, and prospects. Although constrained by plausibility, these mechanisms are not necessarily designed to maximize accuracy or to maintain consistency with other encapsulated representational systems. The modular view provides a useful framework for talking about multiple phenomena previously discussed under the rubric of the self.

[1]  L. Festinger,et al.  Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. , 2011, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[2]  Balázs Szentes,et al.  Evolution of time preference by natural selection , 2009 .

[3]  M. Leary.  The Self We Know and the Self We Show: Self‐esteem, Self‐presentation, and the Maintenance of Interpersonal Relationships , 2007 .

[4]  J. Busemeyer,et al.  Extending the Bounds of Rationality: Evidence and Theories of Preferential Choice , 2006 .

[5]  H. Barrett,et al.  Modularity in cognition: framing the debate. , 2006, Psychological review.

[6]  K. Nakayama,et al.  Prosopagnosia as an impairment to face-specific mechanisms: Elimination of the alternative hypotheses in a developmental case , 2006, Cognitive neuropsychology.

[7]  K. Nakayama,et al.  Developmental prosopagnosia: a window to content-specific face processing , 2006, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[8]  R. Kurzban,et al.  Explaining Clustering in Social Networks: Towards an Evolutionary Theory of Cascading Benefits , 2006 .

[9]  Robert N. McCauley,et al.  Susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer Illusion, Theory-Neutral Observation, and the Diachronic Penetrability of the Visual Input System , 2006 .

[10]  Colin Camerer,et al.  “Economic man” in cross-cultural perspective: Behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies , 2005, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[11]  Terence C. Burnham,et al.  On the limitations of quasi-experiments , 2005, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[12]  C. Frith,et al.  Theory of mind , 2005, Current Biology.

[13]  Dan Sperber,et al.  Modularity and Relevance , 2005 .

[14]  J. Tooby,et al.  Resolving the Debate on Innate Ideas , 2005 .

[15]  A. Fotopoulou,et al.  Long term results of unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy for antipsychotic drug induced tardive dyskinesia , 2005, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.

[16]  H. Clark Barrett,et al.  Enzymatic computation and cognitive modularity , 2005 .

[17]  H. Gintis.  Behavioral Game Theory and Contemporary Economic Theory , 2005 .

[18]  S. Thompson-Schill,et al.  The frontal lobes and the regulation of mental activity , 2005, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[19]  Geoffrey M. Hodgson,et al.  Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation , 2005 .

[20]  S. Pinker.  So How Does the Mind Work , 2005 .

[21]  R. Kurzban,et al.  IS HOMO ECONOMICUS , 2005 .

[22]  Viktor Oubaid,et al.  Sex, Lies, and Strategic Interference: The Psychology of Deception Between the Sexes , 2005, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[23]  G. Loewenstein.  CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX. Out of Control: Visceral Influences on Behavior , 2004 .

[24]  Jonathan D. Cohen,et al.  Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update , 2004, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[25]  Samuel M. McClure,et al.  Separate Neural Systems Value Immediate and Delayed Monetary Rewards , 2004, Science.

[26]  Margo Wilson,et al.  Do pretty women inspire men to discount the future? , 2004, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[27]  T. Scheff,et al.  Cognition and emotion? The dead end in self-esteem research , 2004 .

[28]  Jeffrey D. Green,et al.  What I Don't Recall Can't Hurt Me: Information Negativity Versus Information Inconsistency As Determinants of Memorial Self-defense , 2004 .

[29]  A. Dijksterhuis,et al.  I like myself but I don't know why: enhancing implicit self-esteem by subliminal evaluative conditioning. , 2004, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[30]  Jeremy Clark,et al.  Free-Riding and the Provision of Public Goods in the Family: A Laboratory Experiment , 2004 .

[31]  S. Leask,et al.  Editorial: What Is the Self? A Plea for Clarity , 2003, Laterality.

[32]  Joel Cooper,et al.  The effect of self-attribute relevance on how self-esteem moderates attitude change in dissonance processes ☆ , 2003 .

[33]  Paul Rozin,et al.  Food and life, pleasure and worry, among American college students: gender differences and regional similarities. , 2003, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[34]  V. Smith.  Constructivist and Ecological Rationality in Economics , 2003 .

[35]  John Tooby,et al.  Does morality have a biological basis? An empirical test of the factors governing moral sentiments relating to incest , 2003, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[36]  Pascal Boyer,et al.  FUNCTIONAL ORIGINS OF RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS: ONTOLOGICAL AND STRATEGIC SELECTION IN EVOLVED MINDS* , 2003 .

[37]  Colin Camerer.  Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction , 2003 .

[38]  M. Katzko.  Unity versus multiplicity: a conceptual analysis of the term "self" and its use in personality theories. , 2003, Journal of personality.

[39]  Timothy D. Wilson,et al.  Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious , 2002 .

[40]  D. Amso,et al.  Conditions under which young children can hold two rules in mind and inhibit a prepotent response. , 2002, Developmental psychology.

[41]  Jerald D. Kralik,et al.  The relationship between problem solving and inhibitory control: cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) performance on a reversed contingency task. , 2002, Journal of comparative psychology.

[42]  U. Fischbacher,et al.  Why Social Preferences Matter - the Impact of Non-Selfish Motives on Competition, Cooperation and Incentives , 2002 .

[43]  J. Haidt.  The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. , 2001, Psychological review.

[44]  J. Eccles,et al.  Am I as You See Me or Do You See Me as I Am? Self-Fulfilling Prophecies and Self-Verification , 2001 .

[45]  Pascal Boyer,et al.  Cognitive templates for religious concepts: cross-cultural evidence for recall of counter-intuitive representations , 2001, Cogn. Sci..

[46]  A. Tesser.  On the Plasticity of Self-Defense , 2001 .

[47]  John G. Neuhoff,et al.  An Adaptive Bias in the Perception of Looming Auditory Motion , 2001 .

[48]  R. Kurzban,et al.  Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: the functions of social exclusion. , 2001, Psychological bulletin.

[49]  L. Cosmides,et al.  No interpretation without representation: the role of domain-specific representations and inferences in the Wason selection task , 2000, Cognition.

[50]  H. Gintis.  Strong reciprocity and human sociality. , 2000, Journal of theoretical biology.

[51]  James M. Phelan,et al.  Mean Genes: From Sex to Money to Food: Taming Our Primal Instincts , 2000 .

[52]  S. Hoffman.  A Treatise on the Family , 2000 .

[53]  David V. Forrest,et al.  Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind , 2000 .

[54]  V. Smith,et al.  Intentionality detection and "mindreading": why does game form matter? , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[55]  R. Trivers.  The Elements of a Scientific Theory of Self‐Deception , 2000, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[56]  Gary E. Bolton,et al.  ERC: A Theory of Equity, Reciprocity, and Competition , 2000 .

[57]  Refractor.  Vision , 2000, The Lancet.

[58]  F. Pratto,et al.  The Political Psychology of Reproductive Strategies , 2000, Psychological science.

[59]  G. Berntson,et al.  Overcoming response bias using symbolic representations of number by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) , 1999 .

[60]  Brian J. Scholl,et al.  Modularity, Development and ‘Theory of Mind’ , 1999 .

[61]  Max Coltheart,et al.  Modularity and cognition , 1999, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[62]  W. Bickel,et al.  Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls. , 1999, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[63]  M. Leary.  Making Sense of Self-Esteem , 1999 .

[64]  C. Sedikides,et al.  Being more honest but not necessarily more intelligent than others: generality and explanations for the Muhammad Ali effect , 1998 .

[65]  A. Greenwald,et al.  Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[66]  N. Weinstein.  Accuracy of smokers' risk perceptions , 1998, Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.

[67]  E. Fehr.  A Theory of Fairness, Competition and Cooperation , 1998 .

[68]  R. Millikan,et al.  White Queen Psychology and Other Essays for Alice , 1998 .

[69]  W. Dissanayake,et al.  Self and deception : a cross-cultural philosophical enquiry , 1997 .

[70]  G. Winocur,et al.  What Is Special about Face Recognition? Nineteen Experiments on a Person with Visual Object Agnosia and Dyslexia but Normal Face Recognition , 1997, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[71]  Joshua Aronson,et al.  When Bad Things Happen to Good Feedback: Exacerbating the Need for Self-Justification with Self-Affirmations , 1997 .

[72]  S. Baron-Cohen.  Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind , 1997 .

[73]  J. Kagel,et al.  Economic Choice Theory: An Experimental Analysis of Animal Behaviour. , 1996 .

[74]  Peter K. Smith,et al.  Theories of Theories of Mind , 1996 .

[75]  M. Strube,et al.  The Multiply Motivated Self , 1995 .

[76]  Mark Muraven,et al.  When modesty prevails: Differential favorability of self-presentation to friends and strangers. , 1995 .

[77]  Gerd Gigerenzer,et al.  How to Improve Bayesian Reasoning Without Instruction: Frequency Formats , 1995 .

[78]  Elliot Aronson,et al.  Hypocrisy, Misattribution, and Dissonance Reduction , 1995 .

[79]  Pascal Boyer,et al.  The Naturalness of Religious Ideas: A Cognitive Theory of Religion , 1995 .

[80]  R. Baumeister,et al.  The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. , 1995, Psychological bulletin.

[81]  W. Frederick.  The Moral Sense , 1995 .

[82]  M. Leary,et al.  Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. , 1995 .

[83]  Andrew Schotter,et al.  A LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF MULTI-PERSON RATIONALITY AND PRESENTATION EFFECTS , 1994 .

[84]  S. Gelman,et al.  Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity In Cognition And Culture , 1994 .

[85]  D. Sperber.  The modularity of thought and the epidemiology of representations. , 1994 .

[86]  A. Leslie.  Pretending and believing: issues in the theory of ToMM , 1994, Cognition.

[87]  Matthew P. Winslow,et al.  Inducing Hypocrisy as a Means of Encouraging Young Adults to Use Condoms , 1994 .

[88]  Neal J. Roese,et al.  Twenty years of bogus pipeline research : a critical review and meta-analysis , 1993 .

[89]  C. Sedikides.  Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process. , 1993 .

[90]  Gregory S. Connor,et al.  Nature's Mind: The Biological Roots of Thinking, Emotions, Sexuality, Language, and Intelligence , 1993 .

[91]  L. F. Barrett,et al.  Handbook of Emotions , 1993 .

[92]  Elliot Aronson,et al.  Taking a Closer Look: Reasserting the Role of the Self-Concept in Dissonance Theory , 1992 .

[93]  E. Aronson.  The Return of the Repressed: Dissonance Theory Makes a Comeback , 1992 .

[94]  Richard W. Byrne,et al.  Cognitive Evolution in Primates: Evidence from Tactical Deception , 1992 .

[95]  D. Tice,et al.  Self-concept change and self-presentation: the looking glass self is also a magnifying glass. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[96]  Elliot Aronson,et al.  Using Cognitive Dissonance to Encourage Water Conservation) , 1992 .

[97]  Carrie B. Fried,et al.  Overcoming denial and increasing the intention to use condoms through the induction of hypocrisy. , 1991, American journal of public health.

[98]  G. Reeke.  Marvin Minsky, The Society of Mind , 1991, Artif. Intell..

[99]  Z. Kunda,et al.  The case for motivated reasoning. , 1990, Psychological bulletin.

[100]  L. Cosmides.  The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task , 1989, Cognition.

[101]  B. Weiner,et al.  An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[102]  R. Thaler,et al.  THE BEHAVIORAL LIFE‐CYCLE HYPOTHESIS , 1988 .

[103]  Shelley E. Taylor,et al.  Illusion and well-being: a social psychological perspective on mental health. , 1988, Psychological bulletin.

[104]  J. Fodor.  The Modularity of mind. An essay on faculty psychology , 1986 .

[105]  D. Paulhus.  Two-component models of socially desirable responding. , 1984 .

[106]  B. R. Schlenker,et al.  Social anxiety and self-presentation: a conceptualization and model. , 1982, Psychological bulletin.

[107]  James T. Tedeschi,et al.  Self-Serving Attributions: Biased Private Perceptions and Distorted Public Descriptions , 1981 .

[108]  Robert M. May,et al.  The evolution of cooperation , 1981, Science.

[109]  A. Greenwald.  The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. , 1980 .

[110]  W. DeJong,et al.  The stigma of obesity: the consequences of naive assumptions concerning the causes of physical deviance. , 1980, Journal of health and social behavior.

[111]  Sandy Lovie.  How the mind works , 1980, Nature.

[112]  J. S. Shrauger,et al.  Symbolic interactionist view of self-concept: Through the looking glass darkly. , 1979 .

[113]  H. Sackeim,et al.  Self-deception: A concept in search of a phenomenon. , 1979 .

[114]  Timothy D. Wilson,et al.  Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. , 1977 .

[115]  B. R. Schlenker,et al.  Self-presentation: managing the impression of consistency when reality interferes with self-enhancement. , 1975, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[116]  J Cooper,et al.  Dissonance and the pill: an attribution approach to studying the arousal properties of dissonance. , 1974, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[117]  Harold Sigall,et al.  The bogus pipeline: A new paradigm for measuring affect and attitude. , 1971 .

[118]  Thomas V. Bonoma,et al.  Cognitive dissonance: Private ratiocination or public spectacle? , 1971 .

[119]  R. Trivers.  The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism , 1971, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[120]  S. Sherman.  Effects of Choice and Incentive on Attitude Change in a Discrepant Behavior Situation. , 1970 .

[121]  D. Bem.  Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. , 1967, Psychological review.

[122]  R. Weiss.  Ingratiation. A social psychological analysis , 1967 .

[123]  W. Hamilton.  The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I. , 1964, Journal of theoretical biology.

[124]  W. Hamilton.  The genetical evolution of social behaviour. II. , 1964, Journal of theoretical biology.

[125]  Gordon W. Allport,et al.  Pattern and growth in personality , 1961 .

[126]  T. Schelling,et al.  The Strategy of Conflict. , 1961 .

[127]  E. E. Jones,et al.  Changes in interpersonal perception as a means of reducing cognitive dissonance. , 1960, Journal of abnormal and social psychology.

[128]  Robert B. Zajonc,et al.  THE CONCEPTS OF BALANCE, CONGRUITY, AND DISSONANCE , 1960 .

[129]  L. Festinger,et al.  When Prophecy Fails , 1956 .

[130]  L. Festinger.  A Theory of Social Comparison Processes , 1954 .

[131]  Adam Kowol.  The theory of cognitive dissonance By , 2008 .

[132]  A. Tesser.  Reproductions Supplied by Edrs Are the Best That Can Be Made * * from the Original Document. toward a Self-evaluation Maintenance Model of Social Behavior* , 2007 .

[133]  Douglas T. Kenrick,et al.  Evolution and social psychology. , 2006 .

[134]  L. Cosmides,et al.  Resolving the debate on innate ideas: Learnability constraints and the evolved interpenetration of motivational and conceptual functions , 2005 .

[135]  S. Stich,et al.  The Innate Mind: Structure and Contents , 2005 .

[136]  Dan Sperber,et al.  Modularity and relevance: How can a massively modular mind be flexible and context-sensitive? , 2004 .

[137]  Kenneth Webb,et al.  Evolution of Communication Simulation of Adaptive Behavior – Project Report , 2004 .

[138]  M. Leary,et al.  The sociometer, self-esteem, and the regulation of interpersonal behavior. , 2004 .

[139]  Bethany A Teachman,et al.  Demonstrations of implicit anti-fat bias: the impact of providing causal information and evoking empathy. , 2003, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[140]  Joan B. Silk,et al.  3 Cooperation without Counting The Puzzle of Friendship , 2003 .

[141]  Jason A. Weeden.  Genetic interests, life histories, and attitudes towards abortion. , 2003 .

[142]  D. Bhugra,et al.  Eating disorders in teenagers in East London: A survey , 2003 .

[143]  Constantine Sedikides,et al.  Portraits of the self , 2003 .

[144]  M. Hogg,et al.  The Sage Handbook of Social Psychology , 2003 .

[145]  Steven L. Neuberg,et al.  What Do People Want in a Group Member? A Biocultural Analysis of Valued and Devalued Characteristics , 2003 .

[146]  S. Pinker.  The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature , 2002 .

[147]  S. Mineka,et al.  Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. , 2001, Psychological review.

[148]  P. Boyer.  Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought , 2001 .

[149]  B. R. Schlenker,et al.  The strategic control of information: Impression management and self-presentation in daily life. , 2000 .

[150]  L. Cosmides,et al.  Consider the source: The evolution of adaptations for decoupling and metarepresentation , 2000 .

[151]  R. Baumeister,et al.  The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory , 2000 .

[152]  J. Tooby,et al.  In : Metarepresentations : A Multidisciplinary Perspective , 2000 .

[153]  Dan Sperber,et al.  Metarepresentations in an evolutionary perspective , 2000 .

[154]  J. Fodor.  The Mind Doesn't Work That Way : The Scope and Limits of Computational Psychology , 2000 .

[155]  Jerry Suls,et al.  A Selective History of Classic and Neo-Social Comparison Theory , 2000 .

[156]  Jerry Suls,et al.  Handbook of social comparison : theory and research , 2000 .

[157]  Jerry Suls,et al.  Psychological perspectives on self and identity , 2000 .

[158]  L. F. Barrett,et al.  Handbook of emotions, 2nd ed. , 2000 .

[159]  J. Metcalfe,et al.  A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: dynamics of willpower. , 1999, Psychological review.

[160]  E. Harmon-Jones,et al.  An introduction to cognitive dissonance theory and an overview of current perspectives on the theory. , 1999 .

[161]  A. Damasio.  The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness , 1999 .

[162]  Matthew Rabin,et al.  Addiction and self-control , 1999 .

[163]  E. Harmon-Jones,et al.  Cognitive dissonance: Progress on a pivotal theory in social psychology. , 1999 .

[164]  D. Kinder,et al.  Opinion and action in the realm of politics. , 1998 .

[165]  E. Aronson,et al.  When exemplification fails: hypocrisy and the motive for self-integrity. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[166]  Amnon Rapoport,et al.  Order of play in strategically equivalent games in extensive form , 1997, Int. J. Game Theory.

[167]  L. Cosmides,et al.  Evolutionary psychology: A Primer , 1997 .

[168]  G. Gigerenzer.  Ecological intelligence: An adaptation for frequencies , 1997 .

[169]  A. Greenwald.  Self-knowledge and self-deception: Further consideration. , 1997 .

[170]  R. W. Byrne,et al.  Machiavellian intelligence II : extensions and evaluations , 1997 .

[171]  John Tooby,et al.  Friendship and the Banker's Paradox: Other Pathways to the Evolution of Adaptations for Altruism , 1996 .

[172]  Jacquelynne S. Eccles,et al.  Social Perception, Social Stereotypes, and Teacher Expectations: Accuracy and the Quest for the Powerful Self-Fulfilling Prophecy , 1996 .

[173]  Linda Simon,et al.  Evidence That the Production of Aversive Consequences Is Not Necessary to Create Cognitive Dissonance , 1996 .

[174]  G. Gigerenzer.  Rationality : why social context matters , 1996 .

[175]  G. Segal.  Theories of theories of mind: The modularity of theory of mind , 1996 .

[176]  U. Staudinger,et al.  Interactive minds : life-span perspectives on the social foundation of cognition , 1996 .

[177]  M. Banaji,et al.  Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. , 1995, Psychological review.

[178]  M. Leary,et al.  INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS OF THE SELF-ESTEEM MOTIVE THE SELF-ESTEEM SYSTEM AS A SOCIOMETER , 1995 .

[179]  M. Martin.  White Queen Psychology and Other Essays for Alice , 1995 .

[180]  M. Kernis.  Efficacy, Agency, and Self-Esteem , 1995 .

[181]  Mark R. Leary,et al.  Interpersonal Functions of the Self-Esteem Motive , 1995 .

[182]  C. Crandall.  Prejudice against fat people: ideology and self-interest. , 1994, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[183]  S. Pinker.  The Language Instinct , 1994 .

[184]  Pascal Boyer,et al.  Mapping the mind: Cognitive constraints on cultural representations: Natural ontologies and religious ideas , 1994 .

[185]  J. Twby.  Origins of domain specificity: The evolution of functional organization , 1994 .

[186]  J. Crocker,et al.  The stigma of overweight: affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. , 1993, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[187]  L. Cosmides,et al.  Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. , 1992 .

[188]  K. J. Cairns,et al.  Repression and self-presentation: when audiences interfere with self-deceptive strategies. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[189]  D. Buss.  Mate preference mechanisms: Consequences for partner choice and intrasexual competition. , 1992 .

[190]  L. Cosmides,et al.  The Adapted mind : evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture , 1992 .

[191]  M. Schlossberg.  Passions Within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions. , 1990 .

[192]  C. Steele.  The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self , 1988 .

[193]  D. Krebs,et al.  On the Evolution of Self-Knowledge and Self-Deception , 1988 .

[194]  Steven C. Predmore,et al.  The cognitive-affective crossfire: when self-consistency confronts self-enhancement. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[195]  R. Jackendoff.  Consciousness and the Computational Mind , 1987 .

[196]  R. Seyfarth,et al.  Vervet monkey alarm calls: Manipulation through shared information? , 1985 .

[197]  J. Cooper,et al.  A New Look at Dissonance Theory , 1984 .

[198]  E. E. Jones.  Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships , 1984 .

[199]  B. R. Schlenker,et al.  Audiences' reactions to self-enhancing, self-denigrating, and accurate self-presentations , 1982 .

[200]  R. Baumeister.  A SELF-PRESENTATIONAL VIEW OF SOCIAL PHENOMENA , 1982 .

[201]  Donald Davidson,et al.  Philosophical essays on Freud: Paradoxes of irrationality , 1982 .

[202]  R. Hastie.  Person memory : the cognitive basis of social perception , 1980 .

[203]  Robin R. Vallacher,et al.  The self in social psychology , 1980 .

[204]  Joseph E LeDoux,et al.  Beyond Commissurotomy: Clues to Consciousness , 1979 .

[205]  Joseph E LeDoux,et al.  The Integrated Mind , 1978, Springer US.

[206]  R. Dawkins,et al.  Animal signals: information or manipulation? , 1978 .

[207]  A. Tversky.  Intransitivity of preferences. , 1969 .

[208]  P. Tannenbaum,et al.  Theories of cognitive consistency: a sourcebook. , 1968 .

[209]  E. Goffman.  The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life , 1959 .

[210]  Daniel Katz.  Handbook of Social Psychology. , 1955 .

[211]  Published by: American , 2022 .

[212]  PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST DOES HIGH SELF-ESTEEM CAUSE BETTER PERFORMANCE, INTERPERSONAL SUCCESS, HAPPINESS, OR HEALTHIER LIFESTYLES? , 2022 .

[213]  Asiimwe Kawe,et al.  Speaking Our Selves , 2022 .