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phonology uses abstract operations to explain productivity and regularity. Usage-based phonology uses memory to explain quantitative detail, lexical diversity. Separately, abstract and usage based models each fail to account for some phenomena. Variable rule models meld abstract operations with probabilistic quantification. The VR approach is capable of modeling the widest range of observed phenomena. + Models LINGUA 2059 1--9 Please cite this article in press as: Guy, G.R., Linking usage and grammar: Generative phonology, exemplar theory, and variable rules. Lingua (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2012.07.007 1 Linking usage and grammar: Generative phonology, 2 exemplar theory, and variable rules 3 [TD$FIRSTNAME]Gregory R. [TD$FIRSTNAME.E] [TD$SURNAME]Guy[TD$SURNAME.E] Q1 4 Department of Linguistics, NYU, 10 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, United States 5 Received 13 September 2011; received in revised form 26 June 2012; accepted 1 July 2012 6