Will intelligent vehicles evolve into Human-peer Robots?

This paper aims at stimulating the discussion on the future of Intelligent Vehicles. It is a position paper, indicating converging technologies that, in our opinion, will have to be used in future Intelligent Vehicles. We present a vision according to which Intelligent Vehicles will evolve into Human-peer Robots, here called Co-Drivers. Co-Drivers will be able to “understand” human drivers and to form symbiotic systems with them. The general architecture of Co-Drivers, the building blocks and the technologies that are needed to bring them to life are discussed, pointing out which parts have been already researched and which gaps still remain. We clarify what “understanding driver” actually means and how a joint system can be obtained. The paper will identify research needs and paths, and hopefully trigger interest.

[1]  Klaus Henning,et al.  The "cognitive car": A roadmap for research issues in the automotive sector , 2006, Annu. Rev. Control..

[2]  Erik Hollnagel,et al.  Cognitive Systems Engineering: New wine in new bottles , 1999, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[3]  Charles C. MacAdam,et al.  Understanding and Modeling the Human Driver , 2003 .

[4]  Masayoshi Tomizuka,et al.  Lane change maneuver of automobiles for the intelligent vehicle and highway system (IVHS) , 1994, Proceedings of 1994 American Control Conference - ACC '94.

[5]  Michael Felsberg,et al.  Exploratory learning structures in artificial cognitive systems , 2009, Image Vis. Comput..

[6]  Erik Hollnagel,et al.  Cognitive Systems Engineering: New Wine in New Bottles , 1983, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[7]  Nils Petter Gregersen,et al.  FROM CONTROL OF THE VEHICLE TO PERSONAL SELF-CONTROL; BROADENING THE PERSPECTIVES TO DRIVER EDUCATION , 2002 .

[8]  Masaki Yamamoto,et al.  Closed-loop analysis of vehicle behavior during braking in a turn , 1999 .

[9]  Jean-Paul Laumond,et al.  The formation of trajectories during goal‐oriented locomotion in humans. II. A maximum smoothness model , 2007, The European journal of neuroscience.

[10]  Roberto Lot,et al.  A General Method for the Evaluation of Vehicle Manoeuvrability with Special Emphasis on Motorcycles , 1999 .

[11]  Sebastian Thrun,et al.  Toward a Framework for Human-Robot Interaction , 2004, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[12]  Paul C. Schutte,et al.  The H-Metaphor as a Guideline for Vehicle Automation and Interaction , 2005 .

[13]  Emanuel Todorov,et al.  Evidence for the Flexible Sensorimotor Strategies Predicted by Optimal Feedback Control , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[14]  John A. Michon,et al.  A critical view of driver behavior models: What do we know , 1985 .

[15]  Mary D Klein Breteler,et al.  An evaluation of the minimum-jerk and minimum torque-change principles at the path, trajectory, and movement-cost levels. , 2002, Motor control.

[16]  Harry Wechsler,et al.  Integrating perception, action and learning , 1991, SGAR.

[17]  Andrea Saroldi,et al.  SAFETY AND COMFORT DRIVER SUPPORT FUNCTIONS IN TRIP MATE CONCEPT CAR , 2000 .

[18]  Gösta H. Granlund,et al.  An Associative Perception-Action Structure Using a Localized Space Variant Information Representation , 2000, AFPAC.

[19]  W. C. Mitchell,et al.  Training Test Drivers with Data Acquisition , 2000 .

[20]  T. Flash,et al.  Minimum-jerk, two-thirds power law, and isochrony: converging approaches to movement planning. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[21]  John Dixon,et al.  The Design of Future Things , 2010 .

[22]  H. Charles Dischinger Digital Human Modeling , 2008, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[23]  Erik Hollnagel,et al.  Joint Cognitive Systems: Foundations of Cognitive Systems Engineering , 2005 .

[24]  R. S. Rice MEASURING CAR-DRIVER INTERACTION WITH THE g-g DIAGRAM , 1973 .

[25]  Rodney A. Brooks,et al.  A Robust Layered Control Syste For A Mobile Robot , 2022 .

[26]  Jean-Paul Laumond,et al.  An Optimality Principle Governing Human Walking , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

[27]  F. Biral,et al.  Combining safety margins and user preferences into a driving criterion for optimal control-based computation of reference maneuvers for an ADAS of the next generation , 2005, IEEE Proceedings. Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 2005..

[28]  Francesco Biral,et al.  Supporting Drivers in Keeping Safe Speed and Safe Distance: The SASPENCE Subproject Within the European Framework Programme 6 Integrating Project PReVENT , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[29]  Wade Bartlett,et al.  Driver Abilities in Closed Course Testing , 2000 .

[30]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation , 2000, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part A.

[31]  T. Inagaki,et al.  Smart collaboration between humans and machines based on mutual understanding , 2008, Annu. Rev. Control..

[32]  Manfred Plöchl,et al.  Driver models in automobile dynamics application , 2007 .

[33]  Mohan M. Trivedi,et al.  Tactical driver behavior prediction and intent inference: A review , 2011, 2011 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC).

[34]  Karim Abdel-Malek,et al.  Optimization-based trajectory planning of the human upper body , 2006, Robotica.

[35]  Günther Prokop,et al.  Modeling Human Vehicle Driving by Model Predictive Online Optimization , 2001 .