Influence of nitrate, sulfate and operational parameters on the bioreduction of perchlorate using an up‐flow packed bed reactor at high salinity

In this study we have investigated whether electron acceptors, such as nitrate or sulphate ions, competitively inhibit the reduction of perchlorate in brine in continuous up‐flow packed bed bioreactors. The effect of pH and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the reduction of perchlorate at high salinity has also been examined. Reduction of perchlorate was found to be only moderately influenced by nitrate (under 163 mg N L−1), implying that there was no significant microbial competition for electron acceptors. As a result of microbial diversity, there were few differences between microbial communities fed with a variety of media, suggesting that most nitrate‐reducing bacteria are able to reduce perchlorate at high salinity. Reduction of perchlorate was almost complete at relatively high sulfate levels (1000 mg L−1), neutral pH (6–8) and relatively long HRTs (>10 h).

[1]  R. Chakraborty,et al.  Anaerobic benzene oxidation coupled to nitrate reduction in pure culture by two strains of Dechloromonas , 2001, Nature.

[2]  D. Clifford,et al.  Biological denitrification of spent regenerant brine using a sequencing batch reactor , 1993 .

[3]  B. Rittmann,et al.  Microbial ecology of a perchlorate-reducing, hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. , 2008, Water research.

[4]  B. Logan,et al.  Biological perchlorate reduction in high-salinity solutions. , 2001, Water research.

[5]  B. Ollivier,et al.  Clostridium caminithermale sp. nov., a slightly halophilic and moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from an Atlantic deep-sea hydrothermal chimney. , 2003, International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology.

[6]  Jeill Oh,et al.  Characterization of a microbial community capable of reducing perchlorate and nitrate in high salinity , 2009, Biotechnology Letters.

[7]  J. Chung,et al.  Evaluation for biological reduction of nitrate and perchlorate in brine water using the hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor , 2007 .

[8]  D. Clifford,et al.  The Treatability of Perchlorate in Groundwater Using Ion-Exchange Technology , 2000 .

[9]  L. Hochstein,et al.  The enzymes associated with denitrification. , 1988, Annual review of microbiology.

[10]  W. Frankenberger,et al.  Bacterial reduction of perchlorate and nitrate in water , 1999 .

[11]  D Sankoff,et al.  On the evolutionary descent of organisms and organelles: a global phylogeny based on a highly conserved structural core in small subunit ribosomal RNA. , 1984, Nucleic acids research.

[12]  B. Okeke,et al.  Reduction of perchlorate and nitrate by salt tolerant bacteria. , 2002, Environmental pollution.

[13]  D. Clifford,et al.  Development of cultures capable of reducing perchlorate and nitrate in high salt solutions. , 2004, Water research.

[14]  W Wallace,et al.  Perchlorate reduction by a mixed culture in an up-flow anaerobic fixed bed reactor , 1998, Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[15]  N. Saitou,et al.  The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. , 1987, Molecular biology and evolution.

[16]  T. Dalsgaard,et al.  Nitrate Reduction in a Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Isolated from Rice Paddy Soil: Sulfide Inhibition, Kinetics, and Regulation , 1994, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[17]  V. N. Koren'kov,et al.  [Bacterial decomposition of ammonium perchlorate]. , 1976, Mikrobiologiia.

[18]  A. E. Greenberg,et al.  Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater : supplement to the sixteenth edition , 1988 .

[19]  W. Frankenberger,et al.  Microbial-mediated reduction of perchlorate in groundwater , 1998 .

[20]  Simon Judd,et al.  Biological treatment of ion-exchange brine regenerant for re-use: A review , 2008 .

[21]  H. Attaway,et al.  Reduction of perchlorate by an anaerobic enrichment culture , 1993, Journal of Industrial Microbiology.

[22]  E. Myers,et al.  Basic local alignment search tool. , 1990, Journal of molecular biology.

[23]  B. Rittmann,et al.  Kinetics of nitrate and perchlorate reduction in ion-exchange brine using the membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR). , 2008, Water research.

[24]  G. Parkin,et al.  Influence of electron donor, oxygen, and redox potential on bacterial perchlorate degradation. , 2006, Water research.

[25]  C. V. van Ginkel,et al.  Transformation of (per)chlorate into chloride by a newly isolated bacterium: reduction and dismutation , 1996, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[26]  A. H. Stouthamer.  Nitrate reduction in Aerobacter aerogenes , 1967, Archiv für Mikrobiologie.

[27]  M. Deshusses,et al.  Removal of Perchlorate in Ground Water with a Flow-Through Bioreactor , 2000 .

[28]  J. Batista,et al.  Biological reduction of perchlorate in ion exchange regenerant solutions containing high salinity and ammonium levels. , 2002, Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM.

[29]  R. Harvey,et al.  Bactericidal effect of sodium chlorate on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium DT104 in rumen contents in vitro. , 2000, Journal of food protection.

[30]  J. Tiedje,et al.  Evidence for Clostridia as Agents of Dissimilatory Reduction of Nitrate to Ammonium in Soils1 , 1979 .

[31]  Joonhong Park,et al.  Bacterial biofilm-community selection during autohydrogenotrophic reduction of nitrate and perchlorate in ion-exchange brine , 2009, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[32]  Alain Grasmick,et al.  Use of a membrane bioreactor for denitrification of brine from an electrodialysis process , 2002 .

[33]  J. Thompson,et al.  CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. , 1994, Nucleic acids research.

[34]  D. Clifford,et al.  Perchlorate and nitrate treatment by ion exchange integrated with biological brine treatment. , 2008, Water research.

[35]  J. Coates,et al.  Ubiquity and Diversity of Dissimilatory (Per)chlorate-Reducing Bacteria , 1999, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[36]  S. Hasan,et al.  The physiological function of nitrate reduction in Clostridium perfringens. , 1975, Journal of general microbiology.

[37]  C. Moreno-Vivián,et al.  Chlorate and nitrate reduction in the phototrophic bacteriaRhodobacter capsulatus andRhodobacter sphaeroides , 1994, Current Microbiology.

[38]  J. Coates,et al.  Dechloromonas agitata gen. nov., sp. nov. and Dechlorosoma suillum gen. nov., sp. nov., two novel environmentally dominant (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria and their phylogenetic position. , 2001, International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology.

[39]  J. Coates,et al.  Environmental Factors That Control Microbial Perchlorate Reduction , 2002, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[40]  D. Clifford,et al.  Divalent Cation Addition (Ca2+ or Mg2+) Stabilizes Biological Treatment of Perchlorate and Nitrate In Ion-Exchange Spent Brine , 2007 .

[41]  D. Rolston,et al.  Reduction of Perchlorate and Nitrate by Microbial Communities in Vadose Soil , 2005, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[42]  James J. Clark.  Toxicology of Perchlorate , 2000 .

[43]  D. Clifford,et al.  Biological Treatment of Perchlorate in Spent ISEP Ion-Exchange Brine , 2006 .