Facial Behaviour Analysis in Parkinson's Disease

We describe a method for evaluating facial expressivity in order to improve related clinical assessments of Parkinson’s Disease (PD). There is a controversial evidence in the literature that PD facial impairment can be detected on certain emotional expressions. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of discriminative and quantitive measures of PD from the ability of a subject to express facial expressions. Video clips of 8 subjects (4 healthy controls and 4 with patients with PD) were recorded during daily sessions over several weeks. Observations covered emotion variation over one week for control subjects and six weeks for patients with PD. A statistical shape model was used to track facial expressions and to measure the amount of expressivity exhibited by each subject. The study suggests that measures of the amount of movement during happiness, disgust and anger expressions are the most discriminative, with PD patients exhibiting less movement than controls. This work demonstrates that it may be possible to measure day-to-day variations in symptoms of PD automatically.

[1]  Paul A. Bromiley,et al.  Robust and Accurate Shape Model Matching Using Random Forest Regression-Voting , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[2]  Timothy F. Cootes,et al.  Active Shape Models-Their Training and Application , 1995, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[3]  M. Breteler,et al.  Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease , 2006, The Lancet Neurology.

[4]  S. Herring,et al.  Illustrated anatomy of the head and neck , 2007 .

[5]  Antonios Danelakis,et al.  A survey on facial expression recognition in 3D video sequences , 2014, Multimedia Tools and Applications.

[6]  Takahiro Hoshino,et al.  Disgust-specific impairment of facial expression recognition in Parkinson's disease. , 2006, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[7]  M. Pell,et al.  Facial expression decoding in early Parkinson's disease. , 2005, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[8]  Dongmei Jiang,et al.  Objectifying Facial Expressivity Assessment of Parkinson's Patients: Preliminary Study , 2014, Comput. Math. Methods Medicine.

[9]  R. Wu,et al.  Social brain dysfunctions in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a review of theory of mind studies , 2013, Translational Neurodegeneration.

[10]  Kenneth Mark Colby,et al.  Clinical artificial intelligence , 1981, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[11]  Victoria Contreras Flores.  ARTNATOMY (anatomical basis of facial expression interactive learning tool) , 2006, SIGGRAPH '06.

[12]  K. Scherer,et al.  The World of Emotions is not Two-Dimensional , 2007, Psychological science.

[13]  R. Plutchik.  The Nature of Emotions , 2001 .

[14]  A. Young,et al.  Disgust implicated in obsessive–compulsive disorder , 1997, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[15]  I Pilowsky,et al.  A microcomputer based approach to the quantification of facial expressions. , 1985, Australasian physical & engineering sciences in medicine.

[16]  Satoshi Mochizuki,et al.  Recognition Of Emotion From Facial, Prosodic And Written Verbal Stimuli In Parkinson'S Disease , 2002, Cortex.

[17]  D. Premack,et al.  Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? , 1978, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[18]  J. M. Serrano,et al.  Selective attention and facial expression recognition in patients with Parkinson's disease. , 2014, Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists.

[19]  Tadas Baltrusaitis,et al.  Automatic facial expression analysis , 2014 .

[20]  H. Przuntek,et al.  Facial expression recognition in people with medicated and unmedicated Parkinson’s disease , 2003, Neuropsychologia.

[21]  M. Katsikitis,et al.  A study of facial expression in Parkinson's disease using a novel microcomputer-based method. , 1988, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[22]  Stephen Wilson,et al.  Assessing disordered speech and voice in Parkinson's disease: a telerehabilitation application. , 2010, International journal of language & communication disorders.

[23]  Xiaohui Yuan,et al.  A Survey on Eye-Gaze Tracking Techniques , 2013, ArXiv.

[24]  N. Carlson.  Psychology: The Science of Behavior , 1987 .

[25]  A. Berardelli,et al.  Bradykinesia of posed smiling and voluntary movement of the lower face in Parkinson's disease. , 2014, Parkinsonism & related disorders.

[26]  H. Ellgring,et al.  Spontaneous and posed facial expression in Parkinson's Disease , 1996, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.