The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function

We updated the terminology in the field of paediatric lower urinary tract function. Discussions were held of the board of the International Children’s Continence Society and an extensive reviewing process was done, involving all members of the International Children’s Continence Society as well as other experts in the field. New definitions and a standardised terminology are provided, taking into account changes in the adult sphere and new research results. Reprinted with permission of the Journal of Urology and Elsevier. First published 2006: The Journal of Urology. July 2006; 176(1): 314-324. NOTE: The article will be reproduced in two parts. Part II is to be published in the next edition of the Australian and New Zealand Continence Journal.

[1]  P. Abrams,et al.  Frequency volume charts: an indispensable part of lower urinary tract assessment. , 1996, Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology. Supplementum.

[2]  C. Mehler-Wex.  Enkopresis. Erscheinungsformen - Diagnostik - Therapie. , 2004 .

[3]  P. Abrams,et al.  Standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function , 1977, British journal of urology.

[4]  Per Ask,et al.  Pressure/flow studies preoperatively and postoperatively in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy: Estimation of the urethral pressure/flow relation and urethral elasticity , 1991 .

[5]  M. Torrens,et al.  Fourth report on the standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Terminology related to neuromuscular dysfunction of the lower urinary tract. Produced by the International Continence Society. , 1981, British journal of urology.

[6]  E. B. Pedersen,et al.  Abnormal diurnal rhythm of plasma vasopressin and urinary output in patients with enuresis. , 1989, The American journal of physiology.

[7]  M. Hunt.  Standardization and definitions in lower urinary tract dysfunction in children , 1999 .

[8]  P. Abrams,et al.  The Abrams-Griffiths nomogram , 2004, World Journal of Urology.

[9]  C. Ho,et al.  Some new insights into bladder function in infancy. , 1995, British journal of urology.

[10]  R. Butler,et al.  An exploration of outcome criteria in nocturnal enuresis treatmentThe way forward , 2004, Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology.

[11]  A. Gontard,et al.  Clinical behavioral problems in day- and night-wetting children , 1999, Pediatric Nephrology.

[12]  S. Lindström,et al.  Diuresis and voiding pattern in healthy schoolchildren. , 1995, British journal of urology.

[13]  K. Hjälmås.  Urodynamics in normal infants and children. , 1988, Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology. Supplementum.

[14]  Magnus Fall,et al.  The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. , 2003, Urology.

[15]  S. Koff,et al.  Estimating bladder capacity in children. , 1983, Urology.

[16]  D. Griffiths,et al.  Quantification of urethral resistance and bladder function during voiding, with special reference to the effects of prostate size reduction on urethral obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia , 1989 .

[17]  M. Fall,et al.  The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. , 2002 .

[18]  W. Schäfer.  The Contribution of the Bladder Outlet to the Relation Between Pressure and Flow Rate During Micturition , 1983 .

[19]  A. Gontard,et al.  Urge incontinence and voiding postponement in children: somatic and psychosocial factors , 2002, Acta paediatrica.

[20]  J. Linebarger,et al.  Voiding Dysfunction in Pediatric Patients , 2003, Clinical pediatrics.

[21]  A. Hellström,et al.  Voiding pattern in healthy children 0 to 3 years old: a longitudinal study. , 2000, The Journal of urology.

[22]  C. Fowler,et al.  Sixth report on the standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Procedures related to neurophysiological investigations: electromyography, nerve conduction studies, reflex latencies, evoked potentials and sensory testing. The International Continence Society Committee on Standard , 1986, International Urology and Nephrology.

[23]  D. Rowan,et al.  First report on the standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. , 1976, British journal of urology.

[24]  H. Watanabe,et al.  A proposal for a classification system of enuresis based on overnight simultaneous monitoring of electroencephalography and cystometry. , 1989, Sleep.

[25]  L. Szabó,et al.  Maximum and average urine flow rates in normal children--the Miskolc nomograms. , 1995, British journal of urology.

[26]  H. Jasper.  Report of the committee on methods of clinical examination in electroencephalography , 1958 .

[27]  S. Mattsson.  Voiding frequency, volumes and intervals in healthy schoolchildren. , 1994, Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology.

[28]  A. Staiano,et al.  Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders , 1999, Gut.

[29]  P. Abrams,et al.  Good urodynamic practices: Uroflowmetry, filling cystometry, and pressure‐flow studies * * , 2002, Neurourology and urodynamics.

[30]  A. Hellström,et al.  Four-hour voiding observation in healthy infants. , 1996, The Journal of urology.

[31]  U. Jonas,et al.  CHESS classification of bladder-outflow obstruction , 1995, World Journal of Urology.

[32]  R. Butler.  Establishment of working definitions in nocturnal enuresis. , 1991, Archives of disease in childhood.

[33]  M. Cimador,et al.  Enuresis subtypes based on nocturnal hypercalciuria: a multicenter study. , 2003, The Journal of urology.

[34]  W. Seeley,et al.  Toilet habits and continence in children: an opportunity sampling in search of normal parameters. , 1993, The Journal of urology.

[35]  W. Schäfer,et al.  Analysis of bladder-outlet function with the linearized passive urethral resistance relation, linPURR, and a disease-specific approach for grading obstruction: from complex to simple , 2004, World Journal of Urology.

[36]  A. Combs,et al.  Primary bladder neck dysfunction in children and adolescents I: pelvic floor electromyography lag time--a new noninvasive method to screen for and monitor therapeutic response. , 2005, The Journal of urology.

[37]  J. Djurhuus,et al.  Intra-individual variability in nighttime urine production and functional bladder capacity estimated by home recordings in patients with nocturnal enuresis. , 2001, The Journal of urology.

[38]  P. Abrams,et al.  The assessment of prostatic obstruction from urodynamic measurements and from residual urine. , 1979, British journal of urology.

[39]  James D. McKean,et al.  REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE , 2005 .

[40]  R. Butler,et al.  The Three Systems: a Conceptual Way of Understanding Nocturnal Enuresis , 2000, Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology.

[41]  J. Croffie,et al.  Constipation in infants and children: evaluation and treatment. A medical position statement of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. , 1999, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[42]  S. A. Vincent.  Postural control of urinary incontinence. The curtsy sign. , 1966, Lancet.

[43]  W. Proesmans,et al.  Urethral instability as an important element of dysfunctional voiding. , 2000, Journal of Urology.

[44]  D. Griffiths,et al.  Second report on the standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Procedures related to the evaluation of micturition: flow rate, pressure measurement. Symbols. , 1977, Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology.

[45]  D. Griffiths,et al.  Third report on the standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Procedures related to the evaluation of micturition: pressure-flow relationships. Residual urine. , 1980, Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology.

[46]  G. Läckgren,et al.  Enuresis - Background and Treatment , 2000, Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology. Supplementum.

[47]  K. Hjälmås.  Micturition in infants and children with normal lower urinary tract. A urodynamic study. , 1976, Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology.