Principles of vascular physiology

The basis of modern cardiovascular hemodynamics was established in the 1960s and 1970s. Invasive measurements of aortic pressure and flow in mammals and humans demonstrated that the cardiac pulsation generates pressure and flow waves, traveling along the arterial tree. Arterial pressure and flow were studied as wave phenomena and it was realized that relevant, quantitative hemodynamic assessment of the cardiovascular system required measurement of both pressure and flow. The concept of arterial impedance was introduced. Wave reflection was found to be an important determinant of the pressure and flow wave contours, altering with age, in cardiovascular disease or in response to drugs.

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