SPT-3G: a next-generation cosmic microwave background polarization experiment on the South Pole telescope

We describe the design of a new polarization sensitive receiver, spt-3g, for the 10-meter South Pole Telescope (spt). The spt-3g receiver will deliver a factor of ~20 improvement in mapping speed over the current receiver, spt-pol. The sensitivity of the spt-3g receiver will enable the advance from statistical detection of B-mode polarization anisotropy power to high signal-to-noise measurements of the individual modes, i.e., maps. This will lead to precise (~0.06 eV) constraints on the sum of neutrino masses with the potential to directly address the neutrino mass hierarchy. It will allow a separation of the lensing and inflationary B-mode power spectra, improving constraints on the amplitude and shape of the primordial signal, either through spt-3g data alone or in combination with bicep2/keck, which is observing the same area of sky. The measurement of small-scale temperature anisotropy will provide new constraints on the epoch of reionization. Additional science from the spt-3g survey will be significantly enhanced by the synergy with the ongoing optical Dark Energy Survey (des), including: a 1% constraint on the bias of optical tracers of large-scale structure, a measurement of the differential Doppler signal from pairs of galaxy clusters that will test General Relativity on ~200Mpc scales, and improved cosmological constraints from the abundance of clusters of galaxies

P. A. R. Ade | J. E. Ruhl | J. E. Carlstrom | Adrian T. Lee | G. C. Hilton | K. D. Irwin | E. M. Leitch | Carole E. Tucker | A. Cukierman | G. Smecher | J. E. Austermann | B. A. Benson | L. E. Bleem | T. M. Crawford | T. de Haan | M. A. Dobbs | W. Everett | N. W. Halverson | J. W. Henning | W. L. Holzapfel | R. Keisler | S. S. Meyer | T. Natoli | S. Padin | B. R. Saliwanchik | J. T. Sayre | K. Story | E. Shirokoff | Z. Ahmed | C. L. Chang | S. W. Allen | K. Arnold | A. N. Bender | H. M. Cho | J. F. Cliche | D. Dutcher | A. Gilbert | D. Hanson | N. L. Harrington | K. Hattori | G. P. Holder | L. Knox | D. Kubik | C. L. Kuo | A. T. Lee | D. Li | M. McDonald | J. Montgomery | M. Myers | H. Nguyen | V. Novosad | Z. Pan | J. Pearson | C. Reichardt | G. Simard | A. A. Stark | A. Suzuki | K. L. Thompson | C. Tucker | K. Vanderlinde | J. D. Vieira | A. Vikhlinin | G. Wang | V. Yefremenko | K. W. Yoon | S. Meyer | A. Lee | P. Ade | J. Ruhl | W. Everett | Z. Ahmed | J. Austermann | A. Bender | B. Benson | J. Carlstrom | J. Cliche | A. Cukierman | T. Haan | M. Dobbs | D. Dutcher | A. Gilbert | N. Halverson | N. Harrington | J. Henning | G. Hilton | W. Holzapfel | K. Irwin | D. Kubik | C. Kuo | J. Montgomery | T. Natoli | H. Nguyen | V. Novosad | S. Padin | Z. Pan | J. Pearson | J. Sayre | E. Shirokoff | G. Smecher | A. Stark | K. Story | A. Suzuki | K. Thompson | C. Tucker | K. Vanderlinde | J. Vieira | G. Wang | V. Yefremenko | K. Yoon | M. Myers | D. Hanson | L. Knox | S. Allen | T. de Haan | H. Cho | C. Reichardt | R. Keisler | L. Bleem | T. Crawford | G. Holder | E. Leitch | B. Saliwanchik | A. Vikhlinin | D. Li | K. Hattori | Dale Li | Hsiao-mei Cho. | K. Arnold | G. Simard | Gensheng Wang | M. McDonald | Matt Dobbs | C. Chang | K. W. Yoon | Michael J. Myers | K. Thompson | M. Mcdonald | K. Irwin | C. Kuo | K. Thompson | M. Dobbs | C. Tucker | S. Meyer | H. Nguyen

[1]  Eduardo Rozo,et al.  STACKED WEAK LENSING MASS CALIBRATION: ESTIMATORS, SYSTEMATICS, AND IMPACT ON COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETER CONSTRAINTS , 2010, 1009.0756.

[2]  M Hazumi,et al.  Measurement of the cosmic microwave background polarization lensing power spectrum with the POLARBEAR experiment. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[3]  The Planck Collaboration.  The Scientific Programme of Planck , 2006 .

[4]  David N. Spergel,et al.  Detection of Galaxy Cluster Motions with the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect , 2012 .

[5]  P. A. R. Ade,et al.  GALAXY CLUSTERS SELECTED WITH THE SUNYAEV–ZEL'DOVICH EFFECT FROM 2008 SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS , 2010, 1003.0005.

[6]  M. Zaldarriaga,et al.  Benchmark parameters for CMB polarization experiments , 2002, astro-ph/0210096.

[7]  Adrian T. Lee,et al.  South Pole Telescope optics. , 2008, Applied optics.

[8]  M. Lueker,et al.  GALAXY CLUSTERS DISCOVERED VIA THE SUNYAEV–ZEL’DOVICH EFFECT IN THE FIRST 720 SQUARE DEGREES OF THE SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE SURVEY , 2012, 1203.5775.

[9]  R. O'Brient,et al.  The POLARBEAR CMB polarization experiment , 2010, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[10]  M. Lueker,et al.  A MEASUREMENT OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND DAMPING TAIL FROM THE 2500-SQUARE-DEGREE SPT-SZ SURVEY , 2012, 1210.7231.

[11]  Edward J. Wollack,et al.  Evidence of galaxy cluster motions with the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[12]  M. Lueker,et al.  COSMOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS FROM SUNYAEV-ZEL’DOVICH-SELECTED CLUSTERS WITH X-RAY OBSERVATIONS IN THE FIRST 178 SQUARE DEGREES OF THE SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE SURVEY , 2011 .

[13]  P. A. R. Ade,et al.  IMPROVED CONSTRAINTS ON COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND SECONDARY ANISOTROPIES FROM THE COMPLETE 2008 SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE DATA , 2010, 1012.4788.

[14]  Tom Crawford.  Power spectrum sensitivity of raster-scanned CMB experiments in the presence of 1 / f noise , 2007 .

[15]  M. Lueker,et al.  COSMOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS FROM SUNYAEV–ZEL'DOVICH-SELECTED CLUSTERS WITH X-RAY OBSERVATIONS IN THE FIRST 178 deg2 OF THE SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE SURVEY , 2011, 1112.5435.

[16]  Adrian T. Lee,et al.  GALAXY CLUSTERS DISCOVERED VIA THE SUNYAEV–ZEL'DOVICH EFFECT IN THE 2500-SQUARE-DEGREE SPT-SZ SURVEY , 2014, 1409.0850.

[17]  P. A. R. Ade,et al.  A SUNYAEV–ZEL'DOVICH-SELECTED SAMPLE OF THE MOST MASSIVE GALAXY CLUSTERS IN THE 2500 deg2 SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE SURVEY , 2011, 1101.1290.

[18]  E. Leitch,et al.  SPTpol: an instrument for CMB polarization measurements with the South Pole Telescope , 2012, Other Conferences.

[19]  Adrian T. Lee,et al.  The 10 Meter South Pole Telescope , 2009, 0907.4445.

[20]  M. Lueker,et al.  Digital Frequency Multiplexer for TES Detectors—Path to Flight , 2012 .

[21]  J. A. Brevik,et al.  BICEP2/SPUD: searching for inflation with degree scale polarimetry from the South Pole , 2006, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[22]  P. A. R. Ade,et al.  GALAXY CLUSTERS DISCOVERED WITH A SUNYAEV–ZEL'DOVICH EFFECT SURVEY , 2008, 0810.1578.

[23]  M. Halpern,et al.  The Atacama B-Mode Search: CMB Polarimetry with Transition-Edge-Sensor Bolometers , 2009, 1008.3915.

[24]  P. A. R. Ade,et al.  MEASUREMENT OF COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POLARIZATION POWER SPECTRA FROM TWO YEARS OF BICEP DATA , 2009, 0906.1181.

[25]  M Hazumi,et al.  Evidence for gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background polarization from cross-correlation with the cosmic infrared background. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[26]  A. G. Vieregg,et al.  Bicep2. II. EXPERIMENT AND THREE-YEAR DATA SET , 2014, 1403.4302.

[27]  Ryan Keisler,et al.  PROSPECTS FOR MEASURING THE RELATIVE VELOCITIES OF GALAXY CLUSTERS IN PHOTOMETRIC SURVEYS USING THE KINETIC SUNYAEV–ZEL'DOVICH EFFECT , 2012, 1211.0668.

[28]  M. Lueker,et al.  A MEASUREMENT OF THE SECONDARY-CMB AND MILLIMETER-WAVE-FOREGROUND BISPECTRUM USING 800 deg2 OF SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE DATA , 2013, 1303.3535.

[29]  M. Dobbs,et al.  Digital Frequency Domain Multiplexer for mm-Wavelength Telescopes , 2007, 2007 15th IEEE-NPSS Real-Time Conference.

[30]  R. W. Ogburn,et al.  Detection of B-mode polarization at degree angular scales by BICEP2. , 2014, Physical review letters.

[31]  M. Lueker,et al.  A MEASUREMENT OF THE SECONDARY-CMB AND MILLIMETER-WAVE-FOREGROUND BISPECTRUM USING 800 SQUARE DEGREES OF SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE DATA , 2014 .

[32]  M. Lueker,et al.  A MEASUREMENT OF THE DAMPING TAIL OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POWER SPECTRUM WITH THE SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE , 2011, 1105.3182.

[33]  J. J. Bock,et al.  SPIDER: a balloon-borne CMB polarimeter for large angular scales , 2010, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[34]  Jonas Zmuidzinas,et al.  Low-noise SIS mixer for far-infrared radio astronomy , 2004, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[35]  Scott Dodelson.  CMB-cluster lensing , 2004 .

[36]  Adrian T. Lee,et al.  EBEX: a balloon-borne CMB polarization experiment , 2010, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[37]  B Schulz,et al.  Detection of B-mode polarization in the cosmic microwave background with data from the South Pole Telescope. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[38]  Gabriel M. Rebeiz,et al.  Multi-chroic Dual-Polarization Bolometric Focal Plane for Studies of the Cosmic Microwave Background , 2012 .

[39]  J. Wolf,et al.  The KATRIN neutrino mass experiment , 2008, 0810.3281.

[40]  Adrian T. Lee,et al.  EXTRAGALACTIC MILLIMETER-WAVE SOURCES IN SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE SURVEY DATA: SOURCE COUNTS, CATALOG, AND STATISTICS FOR AN 87 SQUARE-DEGREE FIELD , 2009, 0912.2338.

[41]  C. L. Kuo,et al.  Millimeter Wavelength Brightness Fluctuations of the Atmosphere above the South Pole , 2004, astro-ph/0412031.

[42]  E. Bissonnette,et al.  Digital Frequency Domain Multiplexer for Millimeter-Wavelength Telescopes , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[43]  Uros Seljak,et al.  Gravitational lensing as a contaminant of the gravity wave signal in the CMB , 2004 .

[44]  S. Meyer,et al.  Dusty starburst galaxies in the early Universe as revealed by gravitational lensing , 2013, Nature.

[45]  Adrian T. Lee,et al.  A MEASUREMENT OF GRAVITATIONAL LENSING OF THE MICROWAVE BACKGROUND USING SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE DATA , 2012, 1202.0546.

[46]  A. G. Vieregg,et al.  Inflation Physics from the Cosmic Microwave Background and Large Scale Structure , 2013, 1309.5381.

[47]  Adrian T. Lee,et al.  EXTRAGALACTIC MILLIMETER-WAVE POINT-SOURCE CATALOG, NUMBER COUNTS AND STATISTICS FROM 771 deg2 OF THE SPT-SZ SURVEY , 2013, 1306.3470.

[48]  Simon DeDeo,et al.  Cluster mass estimators from CMB temperature and polarization lensing , 2007, astro-ph/0701276.

[49]  M. Halpern,et al.  ACTPol: a polarization-sensitive receiver for the Atacama Cosmology Telescope , 2010, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[50]  Simon J. E. Radford.  Observing Conditions for Submillimeter Astronomy , 2011 .

[51]  Adrian T. Lee,et al.  Frequency multiplexed superconducting quantum interference device readout of large bolometer arrays for cosmic microwave background measurements. , 2011, The Review of scientific instruments.

[52]  Oliver Zahn,et al.  Constraints on neutrino and dark radiation interactions using cosmological observations , 2011, 1105.3246.

[53]  G. W. Pratt,et al.  Planck early results Special feature Planck early results . VIII . The all-sky early Sunyaev-Zeldovich cluster sample , 2011 .

[54]  Risa H. Wechsler,et al.  ANNEALING A FOLLOW-UP PROGRAM: IMPROVEMENT OF THE DARK ENERGY FIGURE OF MERIT FOR OPTICAL GALAXY CLUSTER SURVEYS , 2009, 0907.2690.

[55]  Graeme Smecher,et al.  Improved performance of TES bolometers using digital feedback , 2012, Other Conferences.

[56]  Douglas Scott,et al.  An upper limit to polarized submillimetre emission in Arp 220 , 2006, astro-ph/0610485.

[57]  Peter A. R. Ade,et al.  The South Pole Telescope , 2004, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[58]  P. A. R. Ade,et al.  MEASUREMENTS OF SECONDARY COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND ANISOTROPIES WITH THE SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE , 2009, 0912.4317.

[59]  Annalisa Pillepich,et al.  The X-ray cluster survey with eRosita: forecasts for cosmology, cluster physics and primordial non-Gaussianity , 2011, 1111.6587.

[60]  S. Masi,et al.  Intensity and polarization of the atmospheric emission at millimetric wavelengths at Dome Concordia , 2012, 1203.5615.

[61]  A. G. Vieregg,et al.  Neutrino Physics from the Cosmic Microwave Background and Large-Scale Structure , 2013, 1309.5383.