Three-Dimensional Displays: A Review and Applications Analysis

S. Benton published a definitive taxonomy of the first one hundred and seventy years of 3D displays covering the field up to the year 2000. In this article we review how display technologies have advanced in the last ten years and update Benton's taxonomy to include the latest additions. Our aim is to produce a display taxonomy suitable for content producers highlighting which displays have common requirements for image delivery. We also analyze key technical characteristics of 3D displays and use these characteristics to suggest the future applications for each category of display.

[1]  Yasuhiro Takaki.  Super multi-view display with 128 viewpoints and viewpoint formation , 2009, Electronic Imaging.

[2]  Andrew P. Wood,et al.  3D electronic holography display system using a 100-megapixel spatial light modulator , 2004, SPIE Optical Systems Design.

[3]  Toshiaki Fujii,et al.  Three-dimensional display technologies satisfying "super multiview condition" , 2001, Optics East.

[4]  Joshua Napoli,et al.  Volumetric three-dimensional display system with rasterization hardware , 2001, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[5]  W. J.A.M. Hartmann,et al.  Three-dimensional TV with cordless FLC spectacles , 1987 .

[6]  Joohwan Kim,et al.  Depth-enhanced three-dimensional integral imaging by use of multilayered display devices. , 2006, Applied optics.

[7]  Takeshi Naemura,et al.  Laser-plasma scanning 3D display for putting digital contents in free space , 2008, Electronic Imaging.

[8]  Marc Levoy,et al.  Light field rendering , 1996, SIGGRAPH.

[9]  Chris Slinger,et al.  Computer-generated holography as a generic display technology , 2005, Computer.

[10]  R. Häussler,et al.  Large real-time holographic displays: from prototypes to a consumer product , 2009, Electronic Imaging.

[11]  Hideya Takahashi,et al.  Wide-viewing-angle three-dimensional display system using HOE lens array , 2006, Electronic Imaging.

[12]  Stephen A. Benton.  Selected papers on three-dimensional displays , 2000 .

[13]  Hiroshi Toshiyoshi,et al.  The Use of Laser Burst for Volumetric Displaying Inside Transparent Liquid , 2008 .

[14]  J. Harrold,et al.  Switchable 2 D / 3 D Display – Solid Phase Liquid Crystal Microlens Array , 2004 .

[15]  James Gao,et al.  High-speed switchable lens enables the development of a volumetric stereoscopic display. , 2009, Optics express.

[16]  Joshua M. Cobb.  Autostereoscopic desktop display: an evolution of technology , 2005, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[17]  Leslie S. Mair,et al.  Stereoscopic display using a 1.2-m diameter stretchable membrane mirror , 1999, Electronic Imaging.

[18]  Graham John Woodgate,et al.  LP‐1: Late‐News Poster: High Efficiency Reconfigurable 2D/3D Autostereoscopic Display , 2003 .

[19]  H.H. Refai,et al.  Static Volumetric Three-Dimensional Display , 2009, Journal of Display Technology.

[20]  Ozan Cakmakci,et al.  The past, present, and future of head-mounted display designs , 2005, SPIE/COS Photonics Asia.

[21]  Nicolas S. Holliman,et al.  Investigating the performance of path-searching tasks in depth on multiview displays , 2010, TAP.

[22]  Neil A. Dodgson.  Analysis of the viewing zone of multiview autostereoscopic displays , 2002, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[23]  T. Levola.  Diffractive optics for virtual reality displays , 2006 .

[24]  Wojciech Matusik,et al.  3D TV: a scalable system for real-time acquisition, transmission, and autostereoscopic display of dynamic scenes , 2004, ACM Trans. Graph..

[25]  John W. Noé,et al.  A complete ray-trace analysis of the Mirage toy , 2015, International Topical Meeting on Education and Training in Optics and Photonics.

[26]  Gregg E. Favalora.  Volumetric 3D displays and application infrastructure , 2005, Computer.

[27]  Katsuyuki Akutsu,et al.  A full‐color eyewear display using planar waveguides with reflection volume holograms , 2009 .

[28]  John A. Clarke,et al.  Characterization and optimization of 3D-LCD module design , 1997, Electronic Imaging.

[29]  Sung-Wook Min,et al.  Viewing region maximization of an integral floating display through location adjustment of viewing window. , 2007, Optics express.

[30]  Michael G. Robinson,et al.  Enabling stereoscopic 3D technology , 2007, Electronic Imaging.

[31]  C. Wheatstone.  XVIII. Contributions to the physiology of vision. —Part the first. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, phenomena of binocular vision , 1962, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.

[32]  Toshio Honda,et al.  Cylindrical 3D video display observable from all directions , 2000, Electronic Imaging.

[33]  Tibor Balogh,et al.  The HoloVizio system , 2006, Electronic Imaging.

[34]  N A Dodgson,et al.  Analysis of the viewing zone of the Cambridge autostereoscopic display. , 1996, Applied optics.

[35]  C. E. Rash,et al.  Helmet-mounted Displays: Sensation, Perception, and Cognition Issues , 2009 .

[36]  M. Halle.  Autostereoscopic displays and computer graphics , 1997, COMG.

[37]  Nicolas S. Holliman,et al.  Binocular coordination in response to stereoscopic stimuli , 2009, Electronic Imaging.

[38]  S. Hecht,et al.  INTERMITTENT STIMULATION BY LIGHT : VI. AREA AND THE RELATION BETWEEN CRITICAL FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY. , 1936 .

[39]  Neil A. Dodgson,et al.  Autostereoscopic 3D displays , 2005, Computer.

[40]  Robert B. McGhee,et al.  A true three-dimensional display , 1971 .

[41]  야스히로 다까끼.  Three-dimensional display , 2005 .

[42]  Joshua Napoli,et al.  100-million-voxel volumetric display , 2002, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[43]  Janusz Konrad,et al.  Subsampling models and anti-alias filters for 3-D automultiscopic displays , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[44]  R. Macfarlane,et al.  A Three-Color, Solid-State, Three-Dimensional Display , 1996, Science.

[45]  Neil A. Dodgson,et al.  A time-sequential multi-projector autostereoscopic display , 2000 .

[46]  Douglas Lanman,et al.  Content-adaptive parallax barriers for automultiscopic 3D display , 2010, SIGGRAPH Talks.

[47]  Nicolas S. Holliman,et al.  Observer-tracking autostereoscopic 3D display systems , 1997, Electronic Imaging.

[48]  Byung-Joo Lee,et al.  Auto‐stereoscopic 60 view 3D using slanted lenticular lens arrays , 2007 .

[49]  H. Jorke,et al.  INFITEC-A NEW STEREOSCOPIC VISUALISATION TOOL BY WAVELENGTH MULTIPLEX IMAGING , 2003 .

[50]  주영구.  Three dimensional display apparatus , 2010 .

[51]  Nicolas S. Holliman,et al.  A comparative study of fine depth perception on two-view 3D displays , 2008, Displays.

[52]  Chung-Hyun Ahn,et al.  Perceived smoothness of viewpoint transition in multi-viewpoint stereoscopic displays , 2005, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[53]  Sung-Wook Min,et al.  Multi-viewer tracking integral imaging system and its viewing zone analysis. , 2009, Optics express.

[54]  Armin Grasnick,et al.  Multiviewpoint autostereoscopic dispays from 4D-Vision GmbH , 2002, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[55]  F. Okano,et al.  Repeated vergence adaptation causes the decline of visual functions in watching stereoscopic television , 2005, Journal of Display Technology.

[56]  Péter Tamás Kovács,et al.  Holovizio 3D Display System , 2007, 2007 3DTV Conference.

[57]  Tapani Levola,et al.  Replicated slanted gratings with a high refractive index material for in and outcoupling of light. , 2007, Optics express.

[58]  Wojciech Matusik,et al.  3D TV: a scalable system for real-time acquisition, transmission, and autostereoscopic display of dynamic scenes , 2004, ACM Trans. Graph..

[59]  Phil Surman,et al.  Laser‐based multi‐user 3‐D display , 2008 .

[60]  Makoto Sato,et al.  Cylindrical 3-D video display observable from all directions , 2000, Proceedings the Eighth Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications.

[61]  Hiroyuki Fujita,et al.  Hybrid MEMS optical scanner for volumetric 3‐D displays , 2009 .

[62]  Alan Sullivan,et al.  DepthCube solid-state 3D volumetric display , 2004, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[63]  Andrew E. Johnson,et al.  Advances in the Dynallax Solid-State Dynamic Parallax Barrier Autostereoscopic Visualization Display System , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.

[64]  David M. Hoffman,et al.  Vergence-accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue. , 2008, Journal of vision.

[65]  Charles Wheatstone,et al.  Contributions to the Physiology of Vision. , 1837 .

[66]  Gregg E. Favalora,et al.  Occlusion-capable multiview volumetric three-dimensional display. , 2007, Applied optics.

[67]  Byoungho Lee,et al.  Recent progress in three-dimensional information processing based on integral imaging. , 2009, Applied optics.

[68]  Ken Perlin,et al.  An autostereoscopic display , 2000, SIGGRAPH.

[69]  Lenny Lipton,et al.  New autostereoscopic display technology: the SynthaGram , 2002, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[70]  R. Raskar,et al.  Content-adaptive parallax barriers: optimizing dual-layer 3D displays using low-rank light field factorization , 2010, SIGGRAPH 2010.

[71]  Hideshi Yamada,et al.  An interactive 360° light field display , 2007, SIGGRAPH '07.