A Process Model for Crowdsourcing Design: A Case Study in Citizen Science

Crowdsourcing design has been applied in various areas of graphic design, software design, and product design. This paper draws on those experiences and research in diversity, creativity and motivation to present a process model for crowdsourcing experience design. Crowdsourcing experience design for volunteer online communities serves two purposes: to increase the motivation of participants by making them stakeholders in the success of the project, and to increase the creativity of the design by increasing the diversity of expertise beyond experts in experience design. Our process model for crowdsourcing design extends the meta-design architecture, where for online communities is designed to be iteratively re-designed by its users. We describe how our model has been deployed and adapted to a citizen science project where nature preserve visitors can participate in the design of a system called NatureNet. The major contribution of this paper is a model for crowdsourcing experience design and a case study of how we have deployed it for the design and development of NatureNet.

[1]  Dana Chandler,et al.  Breaking Monotony with Meaning: Motivation in Crowdsourcing Markets , 2012, ArXiv.

[2]  Mary Lou Maher,et al.  Scaling Up: From Individual Design to Collaborative Design to Collective Design , 2010, DCC.

[3]  M. McLure Wasko,et al.  "It is what one does": why people participate and help others in electronic communities of practice , 2000, J. Strateg. Inf. Syst..

[4]  Matthew McCullough,et al.  Version Control with Git: Powerful Tools and Techniques for Collaborative Software Development , 2009 .

[5]  Aaron D. Shaw,et al.  Designing incentives for inexpert human raters , 2011, CSCW.

[6]  M. Six Silberman,et al.  Ethics and tactics of professional crowdwork , 2010, XRDS.

[7]  Karim R. Lakhani,et al.  Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in Free/Open Source Software Projects , 2003 .

[8]  Gerhard Fischer,et al.  Meta-design , 2004, Commun. ACM.

[9]  Greg Walsh,et al.  Distributed participatory design , 2011, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[10]  Pieter Jan Stappers,et al.  Co-creation and the new landscapes of design , 2008 .

[11]  Amy Bruckman,et al.  Becoming Wikipedian: transformation of participation in a collaborative online encyclopedia , 2005, GROUP.

[12]  Arthur A. Stukas,et al.  PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Understanding and Assessing the Motivations of Volunteers: A Functional Approach , 2004 .

[13]  Vanessa Schneider,et al.  The Role of Interests, Abilities, and Motivation in Online Idea Contests , 2011, Wirtschaftsinformatik.

[14]  Daren C. Brabham.  Moving the crowd at iStockphoto: The composition of the crowd and motivations for participation in a crowdsourcing application , 2008, First Monday.

[15]  L. Potts,et al.  Experience Design , 2009, SIGDOC 2009.

[16]  Mary Lou Maher,et al.  The Impact of Tangible User Interfaces on Designers' Spatial Cognition , 2008, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[17]  Kevin Crowston,et al.  From Conservation to Crowdsourcing: A Typology of Citizen Science , 2011, 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[18]  Chrysanthos Dellarocas,et al.  Harnessing Crowds: Mapping the Genome of Collective Intelligence , 2009 .

[19]  Brian P. Bailey,et al.  What do you think?: a case study of benefit, expectation, and interaction in a large online critique community , 2012, CSCW.

[20]  Oded Nov,et al.  What motivates Wikipedians? , 2007, CACM.

[21]  Gerhard Fischer,et al.  Meta-design: A Framework for the Future of End-User Development , 2006, End User Development.

[22]  Lu Hong,et al.  Groups of diverse problem solvers can outperform groups of high-ability problem solvers. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  Scott E. Page,et al.  Making the Difference: Applying a Logic of Diversity , 2007 .

[24]  Peter C. Wright,et al.  Making Sense of Experience , 2005, Funology.

[25]  Elizabeth Gerber,et al.  Affect and Creative Performance on Crowdsourcing Platforms , 2013, 2013 Humaine Association Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction.

[26]  Meir M. Lehman.  Programs, life cycles, and laws of software evolution , 1980 .

[27]  Stewart Brand,et al.  How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They're Built , 1997 .

[28]  Tony Casson,et al.  Open Standards, Open Source Adoption in the Public Sector, and Their Relationship to Microsoft’s Market Dominance , 2006 .

[29]  Gerhard Fischer,et al.  Meta-design: design for designers , 2000, DIS '00.

[30]  Guido Hertel,et al.  Motivation of software developers in Open Source projects: an Internet-based survey of contributors to the Linux kernel , 2003 .

[31]  Aniket Kittur,et al.  An Assessment of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation on Task Performance in Crowdsourcing Markets , 2011, ICWSM.

[32]  Michael J. Muller,et al.  Participatory design , 1993, CACM.

[33]  Mary Lou Maher,et al.  Motivating participation in online innovation communities , 2014, Int. J. Web Based Communities.

[34]  Michael S. Bernstein,et al.  The future of crowd work , 2013, CSCW.

[35]  Alcides Velasquez,et al.  Motivations to participate in online communities , 2010, CHI.

[36]  Mi Jeong Kim,et al.  The impact of tangible user interfaces on spatial cognition during collaborative design , 2008 .

[37]  B. Joseph Pine,et al.  The Experience Economy , 2020, Journal of Orthopaedic Experience & Innovation.

[38]  C. Prahalad,et al.  Co-creation experiences: The next practice in value creation , 2004 .

[39]  Brenda Laurel,et al.  Computers as theatre , 1991 .