Summarization of Spoken Language Challenges, Methods, and Prospects

A crawler tracked vehicle of the type including right and left crawler tracks is provided and includes a prime mover drivingly connected to the crawler tracks through a differential, or the equivalent, as well as separate clutch and brake mechanisms interposed in the drive train for the tracks intermediate the differential and the tracks. A single oscillatable control is provided as well as a set of fluid pressure actuators for the clutch and brake mechanisms. A source of fluid under pressure is also provided and a set of fluid flow conduits communicate the source of fluid pressure with each of the actuators, independently, with a set of valves being provided and operatively associated with the fluid flow conduits for selectively controlling the flow of fluid therethrough to the corresponding actuators. The single oscillatable control and the set of valves include coacting structure for opening and closing the valves in predetermined opening and closing sequence in response to oscillation of the oscillatable control. Still further, a second set of fluid flow conduits is provided for communicating the source of fluid pressure with each of the actuators, independently, and a second set of valves is included in the second set of fluid flow conduits for selectively controlling the flow of fluid therethrough to the corresponding actuators. The single oscillatable control also coacts with the second set of valves for opening and closing the second set of valves in a second predetermined sequence different from the first mentioned sequence, in response to oscillation of the oscillatable control, a control valve being provided for selectively communicating the source of fluid under pressure with the first and second mentioned sets of fluid conduits.

[1]  Megumi Kameyama,et al.  Coping with aboutness complexity in information extraction from spoken dialogues , 1994, ICSLP.

[2]  Barry Arons,et al.  SpeechSkimmer: a system for interactively skimming recorded speech , 1997, TCHI.

[3]  Karen Spärck Jones,et al.  TREC-6 1997 Spoken Document Retrieval Track Overview and Results , 1997, TREC.

[4]  Norbert Reithinger,et al.  Summarizing Multilingual Spoken Negotiation Dialogues , 2000, ACL.

[5]  John J. Godfrey,et al.  SWITCHBOARD: telephone speech corpus for research and development , 1992, [Proceedings] ICASSP-92: 1992 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[6]  Hans Peter Luhn,et al.  The Automatic Creation of Literature Abstracts , 1958, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[7]  Fernando Pereira,et al.  FINDING INFORMATION IN AUDIO: A NEW PARADIGM FOR AUDIO BROWSING AND RETRIEVAL , 1999 .

[8]  H. P. Edmundson,et al.  New Methods in Automatic Extracting , 1969, JACM.

[9]  Robin Valenza.  SUMMARISATION OF SPOKEN AUDIO THROUGH INFORMATION EXTRACTION , 1999 .

[10]  Alexander H. Waibel,et al.  DIASUMM: Flexible Summarization of Spontaneous Dialogues in Unrestricted Domains , 2000, COLING.

[11]  Jaime Carbonell,et al.  Multi-Document Summarization By Sentence Extraction , 2000 .

[12]  Andreas Stolcke,et al.  Statistical language modeling for speech disfluencies , 1996, 1996 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Conference Proceedings.

[13]  James F. Allen,et al.  Speech repains, intonational phrases, and discourse markers: modeling speakers’ utterances in spoken dialogue , 1999, CL.

[14]  Michele Banko,et al.  Headline Generation Based on Statistical Translation , 2000, ACL.

[15]  Udo Hahn,et al.  Text condensation as knowledge base abstraction , 1988, [1988] Proceedings. The Fourth Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications.

[16]  Megumi Kameyama,et al.  A real-time system for summarizing human-human spontaneous spoken dialogues , 1996, Proceeding of Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing. ICSLP '96.

[17]  Candace L. Sidner,et al.  Attention, Intentions, and the Structure of Discourse , 1986, CL.

[18]  Inderjeet Mani,et al.  The Tipster Summac Text Summarization Evaluation , 1999, EACL.

[19]  Francine Chen,et al.  A trainable document summarizer , 1995, SIGIR '95.

[20]  Hongyan Jing,et al.  Sentence Reduction for Automatic Text Summarization , 2000, ANLP.

[21]  Andreas Stolcke.  Modeling linguistic segment and turn boundaries for n-best rescoring of spontaneous speech , 1997, EUROSPEECH.

[22]  Sadaoki Furui,et al.  Automatic speech summarization based on word significance and linguistic likelihood , 2000, 2000 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37100).

[23]  Alexander H. Waibel,et al.  Minimizing Word Error Rate in Textual Summaries of Spoken Language , 2000, ANLP.

[24]  Ellen M. Voorhees,et al.  Spoken Document Retrieval: 1998 Evaluation and Investigation of New Metrics , 1999 .

[25]  Alon Lavie,et al.  Janus-III: speech-to-speech translation in multiple languages , 1997, 1997 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[26]  Dragomir R. Radev,et al.  Centroid-based summarization of multiple documents: sentence extraction, utility-based evaluation, and user studies , 2000, ArXiv.

[27]  Alon Lavie,et al.  Increasing the Coherence of Spoken Dialogue Summaries by Cross-Speaker Information Linking , 2001 .

[28]  Lisa J. Stifelman.  A Discourse Analysis Approach to Structured Speech , 1995 .

[29]  Hagen Soltau,et al.  Advances in automatic meeting record creation and access , 2001, 2001 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37221).

[30]  Barry Arons,et al.  Pitch-based emphasis detection for segmenting speech recordings , 1994, ICSLP.

[31]  Francine R. Chen,et al.  The use of emphasis to automatically summarize a spoken discourse , 1992, [Proceedings] ICASSP-92: 1992 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[32]  Wolfgang Wahlster,et al.  Verbmobil: Translation of Face-To-Face Dialogs , 1993, MTSUMMIT.

[33]  Daniel Marcu,et al.  Statistics-Based Summarization - Step One: Sentence Compression , 2000, AAAI/IAAI.

[34]  Jan Alexandersson,et al.  Towards Multilingual Protocol Generation For Spontaneous Speech Dialogues , 1998, INLG.

[35]  Julia Hirschberg,et al.  SCAN: designing and evaluating user interfaces to support retrieval from speech archives , 1999, SIGIR '99.