A general theory of complex living systems: Exploring the demand side of dynamics

T he holy grail for those studying living systems is the development of a general dynamic theory that can explain and predict the emergence of order and complexity in a universe of increasing entropy. While the need for a general dynamic theory—sometimes called a ‘‘unified theory of complexity’’—has been discussed in the literature for more than a decade, the consensus is that its achievement is no closer now than in the past [1–4]. As authors of a recent article in Complexity have said: ‘‘the challenge . . . is still open’’ [5]. Some scholars, however, are beginning to feel that the task is too complex, perhaps even impossible [6, 7]. It has even been suggested that an overarching theory may not really be desirable after all, and that we may have to be content with detailed empirical studies of complex systems or with simulation models of different types of agent-based systems [5]. It is the intention of this article to suggest a new approach to this important issue. I am persuaded that it is only possible to explain, predict, and to formulate corrective policy regarding living systems if we possess a general dynamic theory and fully understand its underlying laws. Certainly the task is difficult, but, I hope to demonstrate, it is not impossible. Indeed, the degree of difficulty has been increased unnecessarily by two research strategies pursued in complexity circles. First, many complexity theorists have attempted to develop a theory that can explain systems of both an inanimate and animate kind. I will suggest that separate dynamic theories are needed for this purpose. By employing the physics model of inanimate systems to explain the exploration of living systems, we distort those systems. Second, all complexity theorists have, in adopting the physics model, focused on the supply-side mechanisms in both types of system—on the local interactions between large numbers of constituent members. In the process, they have totally ignored the demand side, which, I have long claimed, is essential to the understanding and analysis of living systems. It is argued here that by separating living from inanimate systems, and by embracing the entire demand-supply mechanism in living systems, it is possible to develop a workable general dynamic theory of life and human society. Both the method and the theory will be outlined briefly in this article, as this discussion is based on a series of major books published by the author over the past decade. GRAEME DONALD SNOOKS