Model-based durability design of concrete structures in Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau sea link project

Abstract This paper presents the durability design of concrete structures in the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau (HZM) sea link project for a design service life of 120 years. Among all the durability issues, this paper focuses on the model-based durability design of concrete structures in the project subject to the action of marine chlorides. The mechanism and modeling of chloride penetration into concrete are reviewed in depth and the applicability of models for durability design is evaluated. On the basis of long-term exposure tests and in-place structural investigations during the past 30 years in South-eastern China, the design model for concrete structures in the HZM project is established. The statistical properties of model parameters are analyzed in details and compared to other chloride ingress models. Using the established HZM model for chloride ingress and specified durability limit state (DLS), the design parameters are first evaluated through a fully probabilistic analysis in terms of service lives (50 years, 120 years) and target reliability levels ( β  = 1.3, 1.5, 1.8). The partial factor format for durability design is then established and the partial factors are calibrated from the first order reliability method (FORM) from specified service life and specified reliability level. The design results from the partial factor design equation are given for different exposure zones, and the achieved reliability index is verified for each design through the full probabilistic method. Finally remarks are given on the HZM model and its application in durability design of RC elements.

[1]  Khade Mane.  Structural Reliability Theory and Its Applications , 2014 .

[2]  C. Cremona,et al.  Corrosion initiation of reinforced concretes based on Portland or GGBS cements: Chloride contents and electrochemical characterizations versus time , 2012 .

[3]  B. Johannesson,et al.  Development of a multi-species mass transport model for concrete with account to thermodynamic phase equilibriums , 2011 .

[4]  A C Smith,et al.  Corrosion of steel in concrete , 1982 .

[5]  Chen Zhaoyua,et al.  DURABILITY DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES , 2003 .

[6]  Peter Pivonka,et al.  MICROSCOPIC EFFECTS ON CHLORIDE DIFFUSIVITY OF CEMENT PASTES - A SCALE-TRANSITION ANALYSIS , 2004 .

[7]  Brad Violetta,et al.  Life-365 Service Life Prediction Model , 2002 .

[8]  C. Andrade.  Comparison of chloride models: the importance of surface concentration , 2006 .

[9]  Chunqiu Li,et al.  Modeling Hydroionic Transport in Cement-Based Porous Materials Under Drying-Wetting Actions , 2013 .

[10]  Ueli Angst,et al.  Critical Chloride Content in Reinforced Concrete: A Review , 2009 .

[11]  Neal S. Berke,et al.  Chlorides In Concrete , 1988 .

[12]  Ki Yong Ann,et al.  The importance of chloride content at the concrete surface in assessing the time to corrosion of steel in concrete structures , 2009 .

[13]  E. Samson,et al.  Modeling the Effect of Temperature on Ionic Transport in Cementitious Materials , 2007 .

[14]  M. Collepardi,et al.  Penetration of Chloride Ions into Cement Pastes and Concretes , 1972 .

[15]  D W Hobbs.  Minimum requirements for durable concrete : carbonation- and chloride-induced corrosion, freeze-thaw attack and chemical attack , 1998 .

[16]  Patrick Dangla,et al.  Prediction of chloride ingress into saturated concrete on the basis of a multi-species model by numerical calculations , 2006 .

[17]  Z. Lounis,et al.  Risk-Based Maintenance Optimization of Aging Highway Bridge Decks , 2006 .

[18]  B. Oh,et al.  PREDICTION OF DIFFUSIVITY OF CONCRETE BASED ON SIMPLE ANALYTIC EQUATIONS , 2004 .

[19]  T. Luping,et al.  On the mathematics of time-dependent apparent chloride diffusion coefficient in concrete , 2007 .

[20]  Dale P. Bentz,et al.  Influence of silica fume on diffusivity in cement-based materials: II. Multi-scale modeling of concrete diffusivity , 2000 .

[21]  Hans Böhni,et al.  Corrosion in reinforced concrete structures , 2005 .

[22]  J. Westwater,et al.  The Mathematics of Diffusion. , 1957 .

[23]  P. B. Bamforth,et al.  The derivation of input data for modelling chloride ingress from eight-year UK coastal exposure trials , 1999 .

[24]  K. Binder,et al.  A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulations in Statistical Physics , 2000 .

[25]  B. T. Molloy,et al.  Factors influencing chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement in concrete , 1992 .

[26]  P B Bamforth,et al.  AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CHLORIDE INGRESS INTO STRUCTURAL CONCRETE , 1997 .

[27]  Palle Thoft-Christensen,et al.  Structural Reliability Theory and Its Applications , 1982 .

[28]  Lars-Olof Nilsson.  Present limitations of models for predicting chloride ingress into reinforced concrete structures , 2006 .

[29]  Michael D.A. Thomas,et al.  Life-365 Service Life Prediction ModelTM Version 2.0 , 2009 .

[30]  Lars-Olof Nilsson,et al.  Numerical simulation of multi-species transport through saturated concrete during a migration test - MsDiff code , 2000 .

[31]  M M Sprinkel,et al.  CONCRETE BRIDGE PROTECTION, REPAIR, AND REHABILITATION RELATIVE TO REINFORCEMENT CORROSION: A METHODS APPLICATION MANUAL , 1993 .

[32]  Asko Sarja,et al.  Durability design of concrete structures : report of RILEM Technical Committee 130-CSL , 1996 .