The Threat-Strategy Interview.

Operators in dynamic work environments use strategies to manage threats in order to achieve task goals. We introduce a structured interview method, the Threat-Strategy Interview (TSI), and an accompanying qualitative analysis to induce operator-level threats, strategies, and the cues that give rise to them. The TSI can be used to elicit knowledge from operators who are on the front line of managing threats to provide an understanding of strategic thinking, which in turn can be applied toward a variety of problems.

[1]  Neelam Naikar,et al.  Analysing Activity for Future Systems , 2003 .

[2]  Gary Klein,et al.  Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions , 2017 .

[3]  B Crandall,et al.  Critical decision method: A technique for eliciting concrete assessment indicators from the intuition of NICU nurses , 1993, ANS. Advances in nursing science.

[4]  P. Carayon,et al.  Impact of performance obstacles on intensive care nurses' workload, perceived quality and safety of care, and quality of working life. , 2009, Health services research.

[5]  V. Thompson What Intuitions Are… and Are Not , 2014 .

[6]  S. H. Appelbaum Socio‐technical systems theory: an intervention strategy for organizational development , 1997 .

[7]  Stacey D. Scott,et al.  Generating Requirements for Futuristic Hetrogenous Unmanned Systems , 2006 .

[8]  Neville A Stanton,et al.  Validating the strategies analysis diagram: assessing the reliability and validity of a formative method. , 2014, Applied ergonomics.

[9]  Pascale Carayon,et al.  Exploring performance obstacles of intensive care nurses. , 2009, Applied ergonomics.

[10]  Emilie M. Roth,et al.  Understanding how Train Dispatchers Manage and Control Trains: A Cognitive Task Analysis of a Distributed Team Planning Task , 1999 .

[11]  Jonathan St. B. T. Evans,et al.  What could and could not be a strategy in reasoning , 1999 .

[12]  Shayne Loft,et al.  Modeling and Predicting Mental Workload in En Route Air Traffic Control: Critical Review and Broader Implications , 2007, Hum. Factors.

[13]  Philippe Averty,et al.  An Ordered Logit Model of Air Traffic Controllers’ Conflict Risk Judgment , 2008 .

[14]  Francis T. Durso,et al.  Health Care, Aviation, and Ecosystems , 2010 .

[15]  L. Reder,et al.  The Strategy-Specific Nature of Improvement: The Power Law Applies by Strategy Within Task , 1998 .

[16]  F. Durso,et al.  Strategic threat management: an exploration of nursing strategies in the pediatric intensive care unit. , 2015, Applied ergonomics.

[17]  A. Gawlinski,et al.  Strategies used by critical care nurses to identify, interrupt, and correct medical errors. , 2010, American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses.

[18]  K. J. Vicente,et al.  Cognitive Work Analysis: Toward Safe, Productive, and Healthy Computer-Based Work , 1999 .

[19]  L. Guttman,et al.  The Cornell Technique for Scale and Intensity Analysis , 1947, Educational and psychological measurement.

[20]  H. Helson,et al.  Design of equipment and optimal human operation. , 1949, The American journal of psychology.

[21]  J. C. Sperandio,et al.  Variation of Operator's Strategies and Regulating Effects on Workload , 1971 .

[22]  Lieven Verschaffel,et al.  Does switching between strategies within the same task involve a cost? , 2009, British journal of psychology.

[23]  Richard J. Holden,et al.  Automation and adaptation: nurses’ problem-solving behavior following the implementation of bar-coded medication administration technology , 2012, Cognition, Technology & Work.

[24]  Pascale Carayon,et al.  Involving intensive care unit nurses in a proactive risk assessment of the medication management process. , 2010, Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety.

[25]  D. Woods,et al.  Discovering How Distributed Cognitive Systems Work , 2002 .

[26]  B. Newell,et al.  The Right Tool for the Job? Comparing an Evidence Accumulation and a Naive Strategy Selection Model of Decision Making , 2011 .

[27]  Penelope M. Sanderson,et al.  A formative approach to the strategies analysis phase of cognitive work analysis , 2014 .

[29]  James J. Staszewski,et al.  Mine detection training based on expert skill , 2000, Defense, Security, and Sensing.

[30]  E. Tolman,et al.  The organism and the causal texture of the environment. , 1935 .

[31]  J. Reason Human error: models and management , 2000, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[32]  Anita L. Tucker The impact of operational failures on hospital nurses and their patients , 2004 .

[33]  P. Benner From novice to expert. , 2004, Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).

[34]  Brian M Kleiner,et al.  Macroergonomics: analysis and design of work systems. , 2006, Applied ergonomics.

[35]  J. C. Flanagan Psychological Bulletin THE CRITICAL INCIDENT TECHNIQUE , 2022 .

[36]  R. Siegler,et al.  Conscious and unconscious strategy discoveries: a microgenetic analysis. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[37]  R. Amalberti,et al.  Human Error Reduction Strategies in Health Care , 2016 .

[38]  D. Kahneman,et al.  Conditions for intuitive expertise: a failure to disagree. , 2009, The American psychologist.

[39]  María Teresa Muñoz Sastre,et al.  Does Choosing a Treatment Depend on Making a Diagnosis? US and French Physicians’ Decision Making about Acute Otitis Media , 2002, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[40]  Erik Hollnagel,et al.  Resilience Engineering in Practice: A Guidebook , 2012 .

[41]  Eric A. Jenkins,et al.  How Children Discover New Strategies , 1989 .

[42]  Emilie Roth,et al.  Understanding Cognitive Strategies for Shared Situation Awareness across a Distributed System: An Example of Strategies Analysis , 2008 .

[43]  Francis T. Durso,et al.  Chapter 8 – Managing Workload, Performance, and Situation Awareness in Aviation Systems , 2010 .

[44]  R. Fisher,et al.  The cognitive interview: An innovative technique for questioning witnesses of crime , 1988 .