DNA biosensors based on water-soluble conjugated polymers.

Conjugated polymers (CPs) with large, delocalised molecular structures exhibit unique optical and electrochemical characteristics that can be used as excellent sensing elements. Recently, research on chemical and biological sensors that use water-soluble CPs as transducers has generated intense interest. Two main sensing mechanisms are used for the detection of DNA-related events, such as hybridisation, mismatch, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), SNP genotyping, conformational changes, and cleavage of the nucleic acids. One mechanism takes advantage of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between CPs and a chromophore label on the nucleic acid probes in which a series of cationic polyfluorene, polythiophene and polyarylene derivatives are frequently used. The other mechanism relies on the conformational effects of CPs, which is induced by combination of the specific targets in which cationic polythiophene derivatives are often used. The electron transfer property of CPs are always used to design high sensitive electrochemical DNA biosensors. Here we review recent progress in the development of optical and electrochemical DNA biosensors based on water-soluble CPs.

[1]  F. Wudl,et al.  Highly sensitive biological and chemical sensors based on reversible fluorescence quenching in a conjugated polymer. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  Qinghua Xu,et al.  Direct visualization of conformational switch of i-motif DNA with a cationic conjugated polymer. , 2010, Chemistry, an Asian journal.

[3]  B. Liu,et al.  Optimizing the cationic conjugated polymer-sensitized fluorescent signal of dye labeled oligonucleotide for biosensor applications. , 2009, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[4]  D. Moses,et al.  The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) gate: a time-resolved study. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[5]  Kemin Wang,et al.  Nucleic acids detection using cationic fluorescent polymer based on one-dimensional microfluidic beads array. , 2009, Talanta.

[6]  T. Baumgartner,et al.  Ladder-type pi-conjugated 4-hetero-1,4-dihydrophosphinines: a structure-property study. , 2010, Chemistry, an Asian journal.

[7]  A. Monkman,et al.  Effect of surfactant on water-soluble conjugated polymer used in biosensor. , 2007, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[8]  Hafsa Korri-Youssoufi,et al.  Toward Bioelectronics: Specific DNA Recognition Based on an Oligonucleotide-Functionalized Polypyrrole , 1997 .

[9]  P. Björk,et al.  Oligothiophene assemblies defined by DNA interaction: from single chains to disordered clusters. , 2009, Small.

[10]  Daoben Zhu,et al.  Quadruplex-to-duplex transition of G-rich oligonucleotides probed by cationic water-soluble conjugated polyelectrolytes. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[11]  Y. Li,et al.  Multiply Configurable Optical‐Logic Systems Based on Cationic Conjugated Polymer/DNA Assemblies , 2006 .

[12]  Olle Inganäs,et al.  Chip and solution detection of DNA hybridization using a luminescent zwitterionic polythiophene derivative , 2003, Nature materials.

[13]  G. Bazan,et al.  Optimization of the molecular orbital energies of conjugated polymers for optical amplification of fluorescent sensors. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[14]  Chunhai Fan,et al.  Optical Detection of Mercury(II) in Aqueous Solutions by Using Conjugated Polymers and Label‐Free Oligonucleotides , 2007 .

[15]  M. Leclerc,et al.  Functional polythiophenes as optical chemo- and biosensors , 2004 .

[16]  G. Bazan,et al.  Fluorescein provides a resonance gate for FRET from conjugated polymers to DNA intercalated dyes. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[17]  Andrey L. Rogach,et al.  Cascaded FRET in conjugated polymer/quantum dot/dye-labeled DNA complexes for DNA hybridization detection. , 2009, ACS nano.

[18]  G. Bazan,et al.  Synthesis of cationic conjugated polymers for use in label-free DNA microarrays , 2006, Nature Protocols.

[19]  Kai Li,et al.  Conjugated polyelectrolyte amplified thiazole orange emission for label free sequence specific DNA detection with single nucleotide polymorphism selectivity. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[20]  Mario Leclerc,et al.  Optical detection of DNA and proteins with cationic polythiophenes. , 2008, Accounts of chemical research.

[21]  Charles Cougnon,et al.  Detection and modelling of DNA hybridization by EIS measurements. Mention of a polythiophene matrix suitable for electrochemically controlled gene delivery. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[22]  Daoben Zhu,et al.  Fluorescent Conjugated Polyelectrolytes for Biomacromolecule Detection , 2008 .

[23]  Alan J. Heeger,et al.  DNA detection using water-soluble conjugated polymers and peptide nucleic acid probes , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[24]  Bin Fang,et al.  Label-free electrochemical detection of DNA using ferrocene-containing cationic polythiophene and PNA probes on nanogold modified electrodes. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[25]  Guillermo C Bazan,et al.  DNA hybridization detection with water-soluble conjugated polymers and chromophore-labeled single-stranded DNA. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[26]  G. Bazan,et al.  Tetrahydrofuran activates fluorescence resonant energy transfer from a cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte to fluorescein-labeled DNA in aqueous media. , 2007, Chemistry, an Asian journal.

[27]  G. Bazan,et al.  SNP detection using peptide nucleic acid probes and conjugated polymers: applications in neurodegenerative disease identification. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  Peter E. Nielsen,et al.  PNA hybridizes to complementary oligonucleotides obeying the Watson–Crick hydrogen-bonding rules , 1993, Nature.

[29]  Label-free genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms for DNA and RNA targets using a cationic polythiophene derivate. , 2009, Talanta.

[30]  Daoben Zhu,et al.  Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping using cationic conjugated polymers in homogeneous solution , 2009, Nature Protocols.

[31]  T. Swager,et al.  Porous Shape Persistent Fluorescent Polymer Films: An Approach to TNT Sensory Materials , 1998 .

[32]  M. Boissinot,et al.  Colorimetric and fluorometric detection of nucleic acids using cationic polythiophene derivatives. , 2002, Angewandte Chemie.

[33]  Daoben Zhu,et al.  Direct visualization of enzymatic cleavage and oxidative damage by hydroxyl radicals of single-stranded DNA with a cationic polythiophene derivative. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[34]  M. Boissinot,et al.  Fluorescent polymeric transducer for the rapid, simple, and specific detection of nucleic acids at the zeptomole level. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[35]  G. Bazan,et al.  PNA/dsDNA complexes: site specific binding and dsDNA biosensor applications. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[36]  K. Schanze,et al.  Conjugated polyelectrolytes as fluorescent sensors , 2009 .

[37]  T. Swager,et al.  Conjugated polymer-based chemical sensors. , 2000, Chemical reviews.

[38]  Xiaogang Qu,et al.  Universal platform for sensitive and label-free nuclease assay based on conjugated polymer and DNA/intercalating dye complex. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[39]  M. Leclerc,et al.  Ferrocene‐Functionalized Cationic Polythiophene for the Label‐Free Electrochemical Detection of DNA , 2005 .

[40]  C. Fan,et al.  A colorimetric strategy based on a water-soluble conjugated polymer for sensing pH-driven conformational conversion of DNA i-motif structure. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[41]  P. Bäuerle,et al.  Specific Recognition of Nucleobase-Functionalized Polythiophenes , 1998 .

[42]  A. Monkman,et al.  Improved single nucleotide polymorphisms detection using conjugated polymer/surfactant system and peptide nucleic acid. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[43]  D. Boudreau,et al.  Reagentless ultrasensitive specific DNA array detection based on responsive polymeric biochips. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[44]  B. Liu,et al.  Optimization of interactions between a cationic conjugated polymer and chromophore-labeled DNA for optical amplification of fluorescent sensors. , 2008, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[45]  Daoben Zhu,et al.  Selective and homogeneous fluorescent DNA detection by target-induced strand displacement using cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[46]  B. Liu,et al.  Silica nanoparticle assisted DNA assays for optical signal amplification of conjugated polymer based fluorescent sensors. , 2007, Chemical communications.

[47]  C. Fan,et al.  Tuning backbones and side-chains of cationic conjugated polymers for optical signal amplification of fluorescent DNA detection. , 2009, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[48]  C. Fan,et al.  A Conjugated Polymer-Based Electrochemical DNA Sensor: Design and Application of a Multi-Functional and Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymer , 2008 .

[49]  Jeffery T. Davis.  G-quartets 40 years later: from 5'-GMP to molecular biology and supramolecular chemistry. , 2004, Angewandte Chemie.

[50]  Fei Huang,et al.  Magnetically assisted DNA assays: high selectivity using conjugated polymers for amplified fluorescent transduction , 2005, Nucleic acids research.

[51]  Luc Bissonnette,et al.  Detection of target DNA using fluorescent cationic polymer and peptide nucleic acid probes on solid support , 2005, BMC biotechnology.

[52]  Zhengping Li,et al.  Conjugated polyelectrolyte-DNA complexes for multi-color and one-tube SNP genotyping assays. , 2008, Chemical communications.

[53]  D. Boudreau,et al.  Investigation of a Fluorescence Signal Amplification Mechanism Used for the Direct Molecular Detection of Nucleic Acids , 2006, Journal of Fluorescence.

[54]  A. Heeger,et al.  On the binding of cationic, water-soluble conjugated polymers to DNA: electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[55]  Lin He,et al.  Label-free, real-time multiplexed DNA detection using fluorescent conjugated polymers. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[56]  Daoben Zhu,et al.  Fluorescent amplifying recognition for DNA G-quadruplex folding with a cationic conjugated polymer: a platform for homogeneous potassium detection. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[57]  A. Uygun,et al.  DNA hybridization electrochemical biosensor using a functionalized polythiophene. , 2009, Talanta.

[58]  R. Mallavia,et al.  Interaction between poly(9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene phenylene bromide and DNA as seen by spectroscopy, viscosity, and conductivity: effect of molecular weights and DNA secondary structure. , 2009, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[59]  S. W. Thomas,et al.  Chemical sensors based on amplifying fluorescent conjugated polymers. , 2007, Chemical reviews.

[60]  Guillermo C. Bazan,et al.  Homogeneous Fluorescence-Based DNA Detection with Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymers , 2004 .

[61]  Jiri Janata,et al.  Label-free DNA hybridization probe based on a conducting polymer. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[62]  G. Bazan,et al.  Application of cationic conjugated polymers in microarrays using label-free DNA targets , 2007, Nature Protocols.

[63]  Bin Liu,et al.  Methods for strand-specific DNA detection with cationic conjugated polymers suitable for incorporation into DNA chips and microarrays. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[64]  Denis Boudreau,et al.  Direct molecular detection of nucleic acids by fluorescence signal amplification. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.