Methods in behavioral research

1. Scientific Understanding of Behavior Uses of Research Methods The Scientific Approach Goals of Science Basic and Applied Research Study Terms Review Questions Activity Questions Answers 2. Where to Start Hypotheses and Predictions? Who We Study: A Note on Terminology Source of Ideas Library Research anatomy of a Research Article Study Terms Review Questions Activity Questions 3. Ethical Research milgram's Obedience Experiment The Belmont Report>/h4> Assessment of Risks and Benefits Informed Consent The Importance of Debriefing Alternatives to Deception Justice and the Selection of Participants Researcher Commitments Federal Regulations and the Institutional Review Board APA Ethics Code Research with Human Participants Ethics and Animal Research Risks and Benefits Revisited Misrepresentation: Fraud and Plagiarism Ethical Issues: Illustrative Article Study Terms Review Questions Activity Questions Answers 4. Studying Behavior Validity: An Introduction Variables Operational Definitions of Variables Relationships Between Variables Nonexperimental Versus Experimental Methods Independent and Dependent Variables Internal Validity: Inferring Causality External Validity Choosing a Method Evaluating Research: Summary of the Three Validities Studying Behavior: Illustrative Article Study Terms Review Questions Activity Questions Answers</h4< 5. Measurement Concepts Reliability of Measures Construct Validity of Measures Research on Personality and Individual Differences Reactivity of Measures Variables and Measurement Scales Measurement Concepts: Illustrative Article Study Terms Review Questions Activity Questions 6. Observational Methods Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches Naturalistic Observation Systematic Observation Case Studies Archival Research Observational Methods: Illustrative Article Study Terms Review Questions Activity Questions Answers 7. Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research Why Conduct Surveys? Constructing Questions to Ask Responses to Questions Finalizing the Questionnaire Administering Surveys Survey Designs to Study Changes Over Time Sampling From a Population Sampling Techniques Evaluating Samples Reasons for Using Convenience Samples Survey Research: Illustrative Article Study Terms Review Questions Activity Questions Answers 8. Experimental Design Confounding and Internal Validity Basic Experiments Assigning Participants to Experimental Conditions Independent Groups Design Repeated Measures Design Matched Pairs Design Experimental Design: Illustrative Article Study Terms Review Questions Activity Questions 9. Conducting Experiments Selecting Research Participants Manipulating the Independent Variable Measuring the Dependent Variable Additional Controls Additional Considerations Analyzing and Interpreting Results Communicating Research to Others Conducting Experiments: Illustrative Article Study Terms Review Questions Activity Questions Answers 10. Complex Experimental Designs Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent Variable Increasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial Designs Illustrative Article: Complex Experimental Designs Study Terms Review Questions Activity Questions Answers 11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs Single Case Experimental Designs Program Evaluation Quasi-Experimental Designs Developmental Research Designs Illustrative Article Study Terms Review Questions Activity Questions 12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation Scales of Measurement: A Review Analyzing the Results of Research Investigations Frequency Distributions Descriptive Statistics Graphing Relationships Correlation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of Relationships Effect Size Regression Equations Multiple Correlation / Regression Partial Correlation and the Third-Variable Problem Structural Equation Modeling Study Terms Review Questions Activity Questions Answers 13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference Samples and Populations Inferential Statistics Null and Research Hypotheses Probability and Sampling Distributions Example: The T and F Tests Type I and Type Ii Errors Choosing a Significance Level Interpreting Nonsignificant Results Choosing a Sample Size: Power Analysis The Importance of Replications Significance of a Pearson R Correlation Coefficient Computer Analysis of Data Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Test Study Terms Review Questions Activity Questions 14. Generalizing Results Generalizing to Other Populations of Research Participants Cultural Considerations Generalizing to Other Experimenters Pretests and Generalization Generalizing from Laboratory Settings The Importance of Replications Evaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-Analyses Using Research to Improve Lives Generalizing Results: Illustrative Article Study Terms Review Questions Activity Questions Appendix A: Writing Research Reports Introduction Writing Style Organization of the Report The Use of Headings Citing and Referencing Sources Abbreviations Some Grammatical Considerations Reporting Numbers and Statistics Conclusion Paper and Poster Presentations Sample Paper Appendix B: Statistical Tests Descriptive Statistics Statistical Significance and Effect Size Appendix C: Statistical Tables Table C.1 Critical Values of Chi-Square Table C.2 Critical Values of T Table C.3 Critical Values of F Table C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient) Glossary References Credits Index

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