High-Speed Rail Aerodynamic Assessment and Mitigation Report

This report advances the current state of knowledge, as well as shared understanding and evaluation of present procedures used to mitigate the impacts effects from high-speed trains (HST) operating at speeds between 110 mph and 250 mph. This work gathers and summarizes existing international knowledge and standards and forms the basis for a future design and mitigation guidance manual.

[1]  Mohd Rapik Saat,et al.  Identification of High-Speed Rail Ballast Flight Risk Factors and Risk Mitigation Strategies , 2015 .

[2]  M. Hieke,et al.  Micro-Pressure Wave Emissions from German High-Speed Railway Tunnels – An Approved Method for Prediction and Acoustic Assessment , 2015 .

[3]  M. Hieke,et al.  Mastering Micro-Pressure Wave Effects at the Katzenbergtunnel – Design of Measures, Prediction of Efficiency and Full-Scale Test Verification , 2015 .

[4]  Alan Vardy,et al.  Tunnel gradients and aural health criterion for train passengers , 2014 .

[5]  R G Gawthorpe.  TRAIN DRAG REDUCTION FROM SIMPLE DESIGN CHANGES , 2014 .

[6]  Mikael Sima,et al.  Full-scale measurement and analysis of train slipstreams and wakes. Part 2 Gust analysis , 2014 .

[7]  Mikael Sima,et al.  Full-scale measurement and analysis of train slipstreams and wakes. Part 1: Ensemble averages , 2014 .

[8]  John Lane,et al.  Transient aerodynamic pressures and forces on trackside and overhead structures due to passing trains. Part 1: Model-scale experiments; Part 2: Standards applications , 2014 .

[9]  Christopher Baker,et al.  The calculation of train slipstreams using large-eddy simulation , 2014 .

[10]  Christopher Baker,et al.  A framework for the consideration of the effects of crosswinds on trains , 2013 .

[11]  Andrew Quinn,et al.  Aerodynamic pressures around high-speed trains: the transition from unconfined to enclosed spaces , 2013 .

[12]  Francesco Dorigatti.  Rail vehicles in crosswinds : analysis of steady and unsteady aerodynamic effects through static and moving model tests , 2013 .

[13]  Nicholas Wilson,et al.  Comparison of FRA Regulations to International High-Speed Rail Standards , 2013 .

[14]  Mathias Basner,et al.  Pressure variations on a train - Where is the threshold to railway passenger discomfort? , 2013, Applied ergonomics.

[15]  Hiroto Suzuki.  Efforts of the Disaster Prevention Research Laboratory , 2013 .

[16]  Mathias Basner,et al.  Continuous assessments of pressure comfort on a train -- a field-laboratory comparison. , 2013, Applied ergonomics.

[17]  Ren Xian Li,et al.  Optimization Analysis of Height and Distance for Shelter Wind Wall of High Speed Railway , 2012 .

[18]  Zhengyi Yao,et al.  Characteristics of daily extreme-wind gusts along the Lanxin Railway in Xinjiang, China , 2012 .

[19]  Tian Li,et al.  Aerodynamic performances and vehicle dynamic response of high-speed trains passing each other , 2012 .

[20]  David Griffin,et al.  Guidance on protecting people from the aerodynamic effects of passing trains , 2012 .

[21]  Xi Feng Liang,et al.  Optimization of Bridge Windbreak on High-Speed Railway through Strong Wind Area , 2012 .

[22]  G. Jing,et al.  Ballast Flying Mechanism and Sensitivity Factors Analysis , 2012 .

[23]  Li Kun.  Research on new anti-wind facility of high-speed train in strong wind area , 2012 .

[24]  Guowei Yang,et al.  Research on influence of the type of cross wind field on the aerodynamic performance of a high-speed train , 2012 .

[25]  Yuedong Wang,et al.  The Research on Fatigue Damage due to Tunnel Aerodymical Load Acting on the Body of High-Speed Train , 2012 .

[26]  Hong-bing Xiong,et al.  Aerodynamic modeling and stability analysis of a high-speed train under strong rain and crosswind conditions , 2011 .

[27]  S. Nakao,et al.  A new passive control method of the pressure wave propagating through in a high speed railway tunnel , 2011 .

[28]  Christopher Baker,et al.  Integration of Crosswind Forces into Train Dynamic Modelling , 2011 .

[29]  Bo Li,et al.  Researches and Application of Railway Wind-Break Wall , 2011 .

[30]  Riccardo Licciardello,et al.  Presentation of the EU FP7 AeroTRAIN project and first results , 2011 .

[31]  Liu Jie,et al.  THE INFLUENCE FACTORS AND DEVELOPING REGULARITY OF AIR PRESSURE PULSE AS TRAINS PASSING THROUGH EACH OTHER , 2011 .

[32]  K. G. Degen,et al.  An environmentely friendly railway Assessment of micro-pressure wave emissions from high-speed railway tunnels , 2011 .

[33]  Renxian Li.  Air Pressure Pulse Developing Regularity of High-speed Trains Crossing in Open Air , 2011 .

[34]  Makoto Shimamura,et al.  Study of New Methods for Train Operation Control in Strong Winds , 2011 .

[35]  E. Allain,et al.  Ballast Flying Risk Assessment Method for High Speed Line , 2011 .

[36]  A. Vardy,et al.  Pressure gradients during train entry - practical design data , 2011 .

[37]  Duan Li-li.  Height of wind barrier on embankment of single railway line , 2011 .

[38]  Csr Qingdao,et al.  Unsteady simulation for a high-speed train entering a tunnel , 2011 .

[39]  Zhong Mu.  Optimization of wind-break wall based on Kriging model , 2011 .

[40]  Csr Qingdao.  Numerical study on the aerodynamic performance and safe running of high-speed trains in sandstorms , 2011 .

[41]  Yang Ming-zhi.  Reasonable setting of wind-break wall on railway in strong wind areas , 2011 .

[42]  C. Baker,et al.  Large-eddy simulation of the flow around a freight wagon subjected to a crosswind , 2010 .

[43]  Christopher Baker,et al.  The flow around high speed trains , 2010 .

[44]  William Powrie,et al.  A full-scale experimental and modelling study of ballast flight under high-speed trains , 2010 .

[45]  Christopher Baker,et al.  The simulation of unsteady aerodynamic cross wind forces on trains , 2010 .

[46]  Renxian Li.  Influence of Air Pressure Pulse on Side Windows of High-speed Trains Passing Each Other , 2010 .

[47]  Katsuya Tanifuji,et al.  Full-Scale Experiment on the Behavior of a Railway Vehicle being Subjected to Lateral Force , 2010 .

[48]  Satoshi Ishikawa,et al.  Development of New Tunnel Entrance Hoods , 2010 .

[49]  Atsushi Hayashi,et al.  Effect of Train Draft on Platforms and in Station Houses , 2010 .

[50]  Dirk Thomas,et al.  Dynamics of a High-Speed Rail Vehicle Negotiating Curves at Unsteady Crosswind , 2010 .

[51]  Christopher Baker,et al.  Modelling the response of a standing person to the slipstream generated by a passenger train , 2009 .

[52]  Jun Xiang,et al.  Numerical study on the restriction speed of train passing curved rail in cross wind , 2009 .

[53]  Harvey Shui-Hong Lee.  The Aerodynamic Effects of Passing Trains to Surrounding Objects and People , 2009 .

[54]  Hong-qi Tian.  Formation mechanism of aerodynamic drag of high-speed train and some reduction measures , 2009 .

[55]  Jimmy Thompson.  Basic High-Speed Train Tunnel Configuration , 2009 .

[56]  H. Kaltenbach,et al.  Prediction of micro-pressure wave emissions from high-speed train tunnels , 2009 .

[57]  Mitsugu Sawa,et al.  Tolerance Estimation of Human Postural Stability Against Train Drafts , 2009 .

[58]  A. Vardy,et al.  Train-induced pressures and flows in large underground stations , 2009 .

[59]  C. Proppe,et al.  A probabilistic assessment of infrastructural measures against overturning risk of railway vehicles under stochastic crosswind , 2009 .

[60]  Alan Vardy,et al.  Rapid prediction of train nose entry pressure gradients , 2009 .

[61]  Yutaka Sakuma,et al.  Wind Tunnel Experiments on Reducing Separated Flow Region Around Front Ends of Vehicles on Meter-Gauge Railway Lines , 2009 .

[62]  Dirk Thomas,et al.  Lateral Stability of High-Speed Trains at Unsteady Crosswind , 2009 .

[63]  J. Zhao,et al.  A Study of the Influence of Aerodynamic Forces on a Human Body near a High-Speed Train , 2009 .

[64]  Richard W. Johnson,et al.  Application of CFD to Rail Car and Locomotive Aerodynamics , 2009 .

[65]  Yongquan Deng,et al.  Effect of Cross-Wind on High-Speed Vehicle Dynamic Derailment , 2008 .

[66]  Alan Vardy,et al.  Generation and alleviation of sonic booms from rail tunnels , 2008 .

[67]  Christopher Baker,et al.  A study of the slipstreams of high-speed passenger trains and freight trains , 2008 .

[68]  Ben Diedrichs,et al.  On The Aerodynamics of Car Body Vibrations of High-Speed Trains Cruising Inside Tunnels , 2008 .

[69]  Masanobu Iida,et al.  Evaluation Method for Air Pressure Variation and Station Facility Member Deterioration Caused by High-Speed Train Passage in Stations , 2008 .

[70]  M. Möller,et al.  A Probabilistic Approach to Safeguard Cross Wind Safety of Passenger Railway Operation in Germany: The new DB Guideline Ril 80704 , 2008 .

[71]  N. Paradot,et al.  Model rig measurements for SNCF new tunnel portal designs , 2008 .

[72]  Liang Xi-feng.  Experiment study of pressure pulse caused by trains passing each other on Guangzhou-Shenzhen railway for the sixth speed-up , 2008 .

[73]  Lu Zhai-jun.  Comparison of aerodynamic performance of passenger train traveling on different railway conditions up strong cross-wind , 2008 .

[74]  H.-J. Kaltenbach,et al.  Measures to Counteract Micro-pressure Waves Radiating from Tunnel Exits of DB’s New Nuremberg-Ingolstadt High-Speed Line , 2008 .

[75]  H. Tian,et al.  Speed Regulation of Passenger Car Based on Side Wind Speed and Direction , 2007 .

[76]  C. Roberts,et al.  THE MEASUREMENT OF TRAIN SLIPSTREAM CHARACTERISTICS USING A ROTATING RAIL RIG , 2007 .

[77]  Y. Zhou,et al.  EFFECTS OF TUNNEL VENTILATION MODES ON THE AERODYNAMIC DRAG OF A LOW SPEED TRAIN , 2007 .

[78]  C. Proppe,et al.  CROSSWIND STABILITY OF HIGH-SPEED TRAINS : A STOCHASTIC APPROACH , 2007 .

[79]  F. Alam,et al.  Effects of Crosswinds on Double Stacked Container Wagons , 2007 .

[80]  Masanobu Iida,et al.  Rapid calculation of the compression wave generated by a train entering a tunnel with a vented hood , 2006 .

[81]  Thorsten Tielkes.  Aerodynamic Aspects of Maglev Systems , 2006 .

[82]  Y-G Kim,et al.  Calculation of resistance to motion of a high-speed train using acceleration measurements in irregular coasting conditions , 2006 .

[83]  Tian Hongqi.  Study Evolvement of Train Aerodynamics in China , 2006 .

[84]  Peijun Xu,et al.  Correlation between Pressure Wave of Train Passing and Running Speed , 2006 .

[85]  Lu Guan-dong.  The Aerodynamics Points of High Speed Trains , 2006 .

[86]  Liu Feng-hua.  Wind-proof effect of different kinds of wind-break walls on the security of trains , 2006 .

[87]  Ben Diedrichs.  Studies of Two Aerodynamic Effects on High-Speed Trains : Crosswind Stability and Discomforting Car Body Vibrations Inside Tunnels , 2006 .

[88]  Masanobu Iida,et al.  Field Measurement of Wayside Low-Frequency Noise Emitted from Tunnel Portals and Trains of High-Speed Railway , 2005 .

[89]  1 “ Interpretation of Evaluation Guide ” to Solve Low Frequency Noise Problems , 2005 .

[90]  Wook Kim,et al.  Wind pressure transients in the tunnel inside a station caused by a passing high speed train , 2004 .

[91]  Christopher J. Roy,et al.  DOE's Effort to Reduce Truck Aerodynamic Drag-Joint Experiments and Computations Lead to Smart Design , 2004 .

[92]  Tian Hong-qi,et al.  Research and applications of air pressure pulse from trains passing each other , 2004 .

[93]  Zhang Jian.  Numerical simulation on the pressure pulse from double-stack freight train passing passenger train , 2004 .

[94]  Liang Xi.  Influential Factors of Measuring Air Pressure Pulse Produced by Passing Trains , 2004 .

[95]  M L Birk.  TRAILS AND HIGH-SPEED RAIL - ARE THEY COMPATIBLE? , 2003 .

[96]  N Kobayashi,et al.  STUDY OF A STRONG WIND WARNING SYSTEM , 2003 .

[97]  Toshiaki Setoguchi,et al.  Aerodynamics of high-speed railway train , 2002 .

[98]  S. Holmes,et al.  Measurement of the aerodynamic pressures produced by passing trains , 2002, ASME/IEEE Joint Railroad Conference.

[99]  S Holmes,et al.  AERODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF HIGH-SPEED PASSENGER TRAINS ON OTHER TRAINS , 2002 .

[100]  Giampaolo Mancini,et al.  Full scale measurements on high speed train Etr 500 passing in open air and in tunnels of Italian high speed line , 2002 .

[101]  J.-M. Réty,et al.  Numerical Investigation of Tunnel Extensions Attenuating the Pressure Gradient Generated by a Train Entering a Tunnel , 2002 .

[102]  T. Johnson,et al.  1/25 Scale Moving Model Tests for the TRANSAERO Project , 2002 .

[103]  C. Baker,et al.  The wind tunnel determination of crosswind forces and moments on a high speed train , 2002 .

[104]  Christoph Heine,et al.  Full Scale Tests on Side Wind Effects on Trains. Evaluation of Aerodynamic Coefficients and Efficiency of Wind Breaking Devices , 2002 .

[105]  Rémi Gregoire.  Transaero Work Package 3: Trains Passing Effects — Summary and Conclusions , 2002 .

[106]  R. Grégoire,et al.  Part 1 : Panel Method Applied to the Prediction of Unsteady Effects Caused by High-speed Trains Passing in the Open Air , 2002 .

[107]  Takeshi Kurita,et al.  Development of Train Nose Shape for Reducing Micro-Pressure Waves , 2002 .

[108]  A Schetz,et al.  AERODYNAMICS OF HIGH-SPEED TRAINS , 2003 .

[109]  Tatsuo Maeda,et al.  Aerodynamic Characteristics of Train/Vehicles under Cross Winds , 2001 .

[110]  Yasuyuki Tanaka,et al.  COUNTERMEASURES FOR REDUCING PRESSURE VARIATION DUE TO TRAIN PASSAGE IN OPEN SECTIONS , 2001 .

[111]  Masanobu Iida,et al.  Pressure Waves Radiated Directly from Tunnel Portals at Train Entry or Exit , 2001 .

[112]  Andrew Quinn,et al.  The slipstream and wake of a high-speed train , 2001 .

[113]  Tian Hong.  Influence of various factors on air pressure pulse from trains passing by each other , 2001 .

[114]  Tian Hongqi.  3-D numerical calculation of the air pressure pulse from two trains passing by each other , 2001 .

[115]  Michael S. Howe,et al.  Theoretical and experimental investigation of the compression wave generated by a train entering a tunnel with a flared portal , 2000, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[116]  Samuel Holmes,et al.  HIGH-SPEED PASSENGER AND INTERCITY TRAIN AERODYNAMIC COMPUTER MODELING , 2000 .

[117]  Felix Schmid,et al.  A review of methods to measure and calculate train resistances , 2000 .

[118]  G I Figura-Hardy.  PRESSURE RELIEF - TRENDS AND BENEFITS OF INCORPORATING AIRSHAFTS INTO RAILWAY TUNNELS , 2000 .

[119]  Harvey Shui-Hong Lee,et al.  ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL AERODYNAMIC EFFECTS ON PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT IN PROXIMITY TO HIGH-SPEED TRAIN OPERATIONS , 1999 .

[120]  David Andrus,et al.  THE AERODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF HIGH-SPEED TRAINS ON PEOPLE AND PROPERTY AT STATIONS IN THE NORTHEAST CORRIDOR. , 1999 .

[121]  M. S. Howe.  Review of the theory of the compression wave generated when a high-speed train enters a tunnel , 1999 .

[122]  Hiroaki Ishida,et al.  Wind-Induced Accidents of Train/Vehicles and Their Measures in Japan , 1999 .

[123]  A. E. Vardy,et al.  Estimation of train resistance coefficients in tunnels from measurements during routine operation , 1999 .

[124]  Kozo Fujii,et al.  Aerodynamics of high speed trains passing by each other , 1995 .

[125]  L. T. Kisielewicz,et al.  Validated computational aerodynamics for trains , 1993 .

[126]  Alex Haerter.  Aerodynamics and ventilation of vehicle tunnels , 1991 .

[127]  J.-L. Peters,et al.  Bestimmung des aerodynamischen Widerstandes des ICE/V im Tunnel und auf freier Strecke durch Auslaufversuche , 1990 .

[128]  T Maeda,et al.  AERODYNAMIC DRAG OF SHINKANSEN ELECTRIC CARS (SERIES 0, SERIES 200, SERIES 100) , 1989 .

[129]  H Glockle,et al.  HIGH SPEED TESTS WITH ICE V PASSING THROUGH TUNNELS, AND THE EFFECT OF SEALED COACHES ON PASSENGER COMFORT , 1989 .

[130]  R G Gawthorpe.  HUMAN TOLERANCE TO RAIL TUNNEL PRESSURE TRANSIENTS--A LABORATORY ASSESSMENT , 1985 .

[131]  B. Dayman,et al.  Demonstration of the coast-down technique for determining train resistances , 1983 .

[132]  Shuzo Murakami,et al.  New criteria for wind effects on pedestrians , 1981 .

[133]  E Kalkbrenner,et al.  VERIFICATION OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF WINDOWS WHEN TRAINS PASS AT HIGH SPEEDS , 1981 .

[134]  R G Gawthorpe.  AERODYNAMICS OF TRAINS IN TUNNELS , 1978 .

[135]  R G Gawthorpe.  AERODYNAMICS OF TRAINS IN THE OPEN AIR , 1978 .

[136]  H Neppert,et al.  AERODYNAMICS OF HIGH-SPEED TRAINS BASED ON A COMPARISON OF RESULTS FROM MODEL TESTS, FULL-SCALE MEASUREMENTS AND THEORETICAL STUDIES , 1977 .

[137]  E. C. Poulton,et al.  The effects of wind on people; New criteria based on wind tunnel experiments , 1976 .

[138]  A. D. Penwarden,et al.  Wind environment around buildings , 1975 .

[139]  J A Fox,et al.  THE GENERATION AND ALLEVIATION OF AIR PRESSURE TRANSIENTS IN TUNNELS , 1973 .

[140]  A G Hammitt.  THE AERODYNAMICS OF HIGH SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTATION , 1973 .

[141]  B Nishimura,et al.  AERODYNAMIC DRAG OF TRAINS , 1967 .

[142]  Tomoshige Hara.  Method of Measuring the Aerodynamic Drag of Trains , 1965 .

[143]  J P Carstens,et al.  LITERATURE SURVEY OF PASSENGER COMFORT LIMITATIONS OF HIGH-SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTS , 1965 .

[144]  H. B. Kwon,et al.  An Experimental Study on the Relationship between Ballast-flying Phenomenon and Strong Wind under High-speed Train , .

[145]  D. H. Lee,et al.  Numerical study on the interactions between rail vehicle and wind fence under strong cross wind-For the effective wind fence design , .