Electromyographic Analysis and Phase Definition of the Overhead Football Throw *

Background The phases of the football throw need definition so that muscle activation patterns during the overhead football throw can be fully described. Hypothesis Electromyographic analysis of shoulder musculature can better define muscle activation patterns during the football throw. Study Design Descriptive anatomic study. Methods Videos of 20 elite-level quarterbacks were reviewed to define phases of the overhead football throw; 14 recreational male athletes underwent electromyography and motion analysis testing. Results Four sequential phases of the football throw were consistently observed. Early cocking (49% ± 11% of throw) was initiated at rear foot plant and continued to maximal shoulder abduction and internal rotation. Late cocking (20% ± 6%) started at maximal shoulder abduction and internal rotation and ended with maximal shoulder external rotation. The acceleration phase (15% ± 4%) began with maximal shoulder external rotation and ended with ball release. Follow-through (16% ± 5%) was defined as the phase from ball release to maximal horizontal adduction (across the body). Conclusion The four phases demonstrated little variation in motion analysis and electromyographic activation between subjects and were associated with muscle activation patterns consistent with upper extremity movements. Clinical Relevance A clearer understanding of muscle activation patterns may help to explain patterns of muscle injury and improve rehabilitation protocols in football-throwing athletes.