Milestone developments, myths, and future directions of electrokinetic remediation

Abstract This is the 9th Symposium on Electrokinetic Remediation. In Chinese, “9” is pronounced as “ ” which means longevity. As the first symposium of the series to be held on Chinese soil, it may be appropriate to follow the Chinese tradition so as to set the stage for the longevity of the symposium series. Therefore, it is time for us to recognize the milestone developments of past researchers, to clarify some of the myths, and to establish future research directions of electrokinetic remediation.

[1]  T. Harmon,et al.  The Effect of Soil Type on the Electrodialytic Remediation of Lead-Contaminated Soil , 2007 .

[2]  M. C. Barbosa,et al.  A laboratory feasibility study on electrokinetic injection of nutrients on an organic, tropical, clayey soil. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[3]  G. Eykholt.  Development of pore pressures by nonuniform electroosmosis in clays , 1997 .

[4]  Shunitz Tanaka,et al.  Electrokinetic remediation of clayey soils containing copper(II)-oxinate using humic acid as a surfactant. , 2003, Journal of hazardous materials.

[5]  C. Kao,et al.  Application of iron electrode corrosion enhanced electrokinetic-Fenton oxidation to remediate diesel contaminated soils: A laboratory feasibility study , 2010 .

[6]  R. G. Campanella,et al.  Development and use of an electrical resistivity cone for groundwater contamination studies , 1990 .

[7]  Ivars Neretnieks,et al.  Modelling of transport and reaction processes in a porous medium in an electrical field , 1996 .

[8]  James K. Mitchell,et al.  Coupled fluid, electrical and chemical flows in soil , 1993 .

[9]  Yalcin B. Acar,et al.  Electrochemical processing of soils: theory of pH gradient development by diffusion, migration, and linear convection. , 1990 .

[10]  Robert J. Gale,et al.  In situ TCE bioremediation study using electrokinetic cometabolite injection , 2000 .

[11]  A. Yeung,et al.  Simulation of Electrical Conduction in Geomaterials by SPICE , 2008 .

[12]  S. Pamukcu,et al.  Electrokinetic removal of selected heavy metals from soil , 1992 .

[13]  D. H. Gray,et al.  Electro-Osmotic Dewatering with Polarity Reversals , 1977 .

[14]  S. Kim,et al.  Application of an Enhanced Electrokinetic Ion Injection System to Bioremediation , 2003 .

[15]  Kyoung-Woong Kim,et al.  Evaluation of Electrokinetic Removal of Heavy Metals from Tailing Soils , 2002 .

[16]  R. E. Hicks,et al.  Electrorestoration of metal contaminated soils. , 1994, Environmental science & technology.

[17]  R. Bowman,et al.  Electrokinetic ion transport through unsaturated soil: 2. Application to a heterogeneous field site. , 2002, Journal of contaminant hydrology.

[18]  Krishna R Reddy,et al.  Effect of pH control at the anode for the electrokinetic removal of phenanthrene from kaolin soil. , 2003, Chemosphere.

[19]  M. Yavuz Corapcioglu,et al.  Advances in Porous Media , 1996 .

[20]  B. A. Chappell,et al.  Electro-Osmosis Applied to Unstable Embankment , 1975 .

[21]  D. Faulkner,et al.  Electrokinetic generation of reactive iron-rich barriers in wet sediments: implications for contaminated land management , 2005, Mineralogical Magazine.

[22]  G. Sposito.  On Points of Zero Charge , 1998 .

[23]  Xiang-dong Li,et al.  The use of chelating agents in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils: a review. , 2008, Environmental pollution.

[24]  A. Alshawabkeh,et al.  Coupling Electrokinetics with Permeable Reactive Barriers of Zero-Valent Iron for Treating a Chromium Contaminated Soil , 2009 .

[25]  Abdel-Mohsen Onsy Mohamed,et al.  Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils via integrated electrochemical processes , 1996 .

[26]  A. Yeung.  Fundamental aspects of prolonged electrokinetic flows in kaolinites , 2006 .

[27]  Garrison Sposito,et al.  The surface chemistry of soils , 1984 .

[28]  John L. Anderson,et al.  ELECTROOSMOSIS THROUGH PORES WITH NONUNIFORMLY CHARGED WALLS , 1985 .

[29]  Derek V. Morris,et al.  Improvement of sensitive silty clay by electroosmosis , 1985 .

[30]  Melvin I. Esrig.  Pore Pressures, Consolidation, and Electrokinetics , 1968 .

[31]  Gye-Nam Kim,et al.  WASHING-ELECTROKINETIC DECONTAMINATION FOR CONCRETE CONTAMINATED WITH COBALT AND CESIUM , 2009 .

[32]  L. Cang,et al.  Effects of electrokinetic treatment of a heavy metal contaminated soil on soil enzyme activities. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[33]  C. L. Page,et al.  Electroremediation of Contaminated Soils , 2002 .

[34]  B. Narasimhan,et al.  Electrokinetic barrier to prevent subsurface contaminant migration: theoretical model development and validation , 2000 .

[35]  J. Moum,et al.  APPLICATION OF ELECTRO-OSMOSIS TO A FOUNDATION PROBLEM IN A NORWEGIAN QUICK CLAY , 1967 .

[36]  D. Rahner,et al.  Electrochemically induced reactions in soils—a new approach to the in-situ remediation of contaminated soils?: Part 1: The microconductor principle , 2002 .

[37]  LorettaY Li,et al.  Enhancement of electrokinetic extraction from lead-spiked soils. , 2000 .

[38]  Albert T. Yeung,et al.  Electrokinetic flow processes in porous media and their applications. , 1994 .

[39]  R. Lui,et al.  A mathematical model for the electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil , 1995 .

[40]  J. Yang,et al.  A new method to control electrolytes pH by circulation system in electrokinetic soil remediation. , 2000, Journal of hazardous materials.

[41]  A. Cirelli,et al.  Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soils by Iron Amendments: A Review , 2010 .

[42]  S. Yun,et al.  Numerical and Experimental Studies on Cadmium (II) Transport in Kaolinite Clay under Electrical Fields , 2003 .

[43]  C. Bruell,et al.  Cation-Enhanced Removal of Lead from Kaolinite by Electrokinetics , 1997 .

[44]  B. Popov,et al.  Development of a new electrokinetic technique for decontamination of hexavalent chromium from low surface charged soils , 1996 .

[45]  F. Garcia-Herruzo,et al.  Two-dimensional model for soil electrokinetic remediation of heavy metals. Application to a copper spiked kaolin. , 2004, Chemosphere.

[46]  Petri Latostenmaa,et al.  Electrokinetic soil remediation--critical overview. , 2002, The Science of the total environment.

[47]  G. De Gioannis,et al.  Chromate adsorption in a transformed red mud permeable reactive barrier using electrokinesis , 2008, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[48]  R. J. Gale,et al.  Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of high sorption capacity soil , 1997 .

[49]  Albert T. Yeung,et al.  Design, Fabrication, and Assembly of an Apparatus for Electrokinetic Remediation Studies , 1997 .

[50]  A. Yeung,et al.  EDTA-enhanced electrokinetic extraction of lead , 1996 .

[51]  E Vey.  THE MECHANICS OF SOIL CONSOLIDATION BY ELECTRO-OSMOSIS , 1950 .

[52]  Xinhua Jia,et al.  Electrokinetic control of nitrate movement in soil , 2005 .

[53]  Krishna R. Reddy,et al.  Electrokinetically Enhanced Remediation of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in Soils: A Review , 2005 .

[54]  S. Thevanayagam,et al.  Injection of nutrients and TEAs in clayey soils using electrokinetics , 1998 .

[55]  J. Koryta.  Ions, electrodes, and membranes , 1982 .

[56]  P. Suèr,et al.  Mercury-Contaminated Soil Remediation by Iodide and Electroreclamation , 2003 .

[57]  D. Fino,et al.  Electrokinetic remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals , 2008 .

[58]  A. Yeung.  Contaminant Extractability by Electrokinetics , 2006 .

[59]  S. Moon,et al.  Removal of Heavy Metals from Soils using Enhanced Electrokinetic Soil Processing , 2001 .

[60]  A. Yeung,et al.  Electrokinetic Remediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Clay , 2005 .

[61]  R. Bricka,et al.  Electrokinetic remediation of wood preservative contaminated soil containing copper, chromium, and arsenic. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[62]  R. Bowman,et al.  Electrokinetic ion transport through unsaturated soil: 1. Theory, model development, and testing. , 2002, Journal of contaminant hydrology.

[63]  A. Yeung,et al.  Effects of Chelating Agents on Zeta Potential of Cadmium-Contaminated Natural Clay , 2009 .

[64]  R. Yong,et al.  Impact of carbonate on the efficiency of heavy metal removal from kaolinite soil by the electrokinetic soil remediation method. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[65]  Aaron A. Jennings,et al.  Modeling electrokinetically-enhanced aggregate remediation , 1999, Environ. Model. Softw..

[66]  Vincent F. Hock,et al.  Use of Small-Scale Electro-osmotic Systems in Controlling Groundwater Movement Around Structures , 2005 .

[67]  Lisbeth M. Ottosen,et al.  Utilization of electromigration in civil and environmental engineering—Processes, transport rates and matrix changes , 2008, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[68]  M. A. Sanromán,et al.  Decontamination of soils containing PAHs by electroremediation: a review. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[69]  C. Yuan,et al.  The mechanisms of arsenic removal from soil by electrokinetic process coupled with iron permeable reaction barrier. , 2007, Chemosphere.

[70]  R. W. Leinz,et al.  NEOCHIM: an electrochemical method for environmental application , 1998 .

[71]  Chris D. Cox,et al.  Electrokinetic Remediation of Mercury-Contaminated Soils Using Iodine/Iodide Lixiviant , 1996 .

[72]  A. Yeung,et al.  Fundamental formulation of electrokinetic extraction of contaminants from soil , 1996 .

[73]  Theoretical evaluation of a technique for electrokinetic decontamination of soils , 1997 .

[74]  R. Probstein,et al.  Model and experiments on soil remediation by electric fields , 1994 .

[75]  A. Yeung,et al.  Impoundment Liner Repair by Electrophoresis of Clay , 1997 .

[76]  Y. Acar,et al.  Electrokinetic Injection of Ammonium and Sulfate Ions into Sand and Kaolinite Beds , 1997 .

[77]  J. Mexia,et al.  A dynamic model for the electrokinetic removal of copper from a polluted soil , 1997 .

[78]  Leo Casagrande,et al.  Electro-Osmotic Stabilization of soils , 1952 .

[79]  A. Dupas,et al.  Role of pH in Electro-Osmosis: Experimental Study on NaCl–Water Saturated Kaolinite , 2005 .

[80]  Albert T. Yeung,et al.  Remediation Technologies for Contaminated Sites , 2010 .

[81]  Shufa Zhu,et al.  Removal of fluorine from contaminated field soil by anolyte enhanced electrokinetic remediation , 2009 .

[82]  David E. Daniel,et al.  IMPACT OF SYSTEM CHEMISTRY ON ELECTROOSMOSIS IN CONTAMINATED SOIL. DISCUSSIONS AND CLOSURE , 1994 .

[83]  D. Rahner,et al.  Electrochemically induced reactions in soils—a new approach to the in-situ remediation of contaminated soils?: Part 2: remediation experiments with a natural soil containing highly chlorinated hydrocarbons , 2002 .

[84]  Erwin Long,et al.  Turnagain Slide Stabilization, Anchorage, Alaska , 1967 .

[85]  P. Arce,et al.  Avoiding pitfalls in electrokinetic remediation: Robust design and operation criteria based on first principles for maximizing performance in a rectangular geometry , 2003, Electrophoresis.

[86]  James K. Mitchell,et al.  ELECTRO-KINETIC FLOW BARRIERS IN COMPACTED CLAY , 1990 .

[87]  M. Lee,et al.  A new method for remedial treatment of contaminated clayey soils by electrokinetics coupled with permeable reactive barriers , 2007 .

[88]  B. E. Reed,et al.  Chemical Conditioning of Electrode Reservoirs During Electrokinetic Soil Flushing of Pb-Contaminated Silt Loam , 1995 .

[89]  David B. Smith,et al.  Electrogeochemical sampling with NEOCHIM — results of tests over buried gold deposits , 1998 .

[90]  Hui Wang,et al.  Simultaneous removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol and Cd from soils by electrokinetic remediation combined with activated bamboo charcoal. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[91]  Ronald F. Probstein,et al.  EDTA-enhanced electroremediation of metal-contaminated soils , 1997 .

[92]  Albert T. Yeung,et al.  Physicochemical soil-contaminant interactions during electrokinetic extraction , 1997 .

[93]  Jeong‐Hee Choi,et al.  Electrochemical studies on the performance of SS316L electrode in electrokinetics , 2009 .

[94]  C. Cameselle,et al.  Electrochemical Remediation Technologies for Polluted Soils, Sediments and Groundwater , 2009 .

[95]  Chil-Sung Jeon,et al.  Electrokinetic Removal of Petroleum Hydrocarbon from Residual Clayey Soil Following a Washing Process , 2010 .

[96]  Junggeun Han,et al.  Enhanced electrokinetic (E/K) remediation on copper contaminated soil by CFW (carbonized foods waste). , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[97]  C. Shackelford,et al.  SOLUTE BREAKTHROUGH CURVES FOR PROCESSED KAOLIN AT LOW FLOW RATES. DISCUSSION AND CLOSURE , 1996 .

[98]  Albert T. Yeung,et al.  Practical Aspects of In-Situ Electrokinetic Extraction , 1999 .

[99]  E. Gidarakos,et al.  Chelating agent-assisted electrokinetic removal of cadmium, lead and copper from contaminated soils. , 2009, Environmental pollution.

[100]  I. Neretnieks,et al.  Electroremediation: Removal of Heavy Metals from Soils by Using Cation Selective Membrane , 1998 .

[101]  James K. Mitchell,et al.  Conduction phenomena: from theory to geotechnical practice , 1991 .

[102]  Robert L. Nicholls,et al.  CONSOLIDATION UNDER ELECTRICAL-PRESSURE GRADIENTS , 1967 .

[103]  James K. Mitchell,et al.  Electro-Osmotic Consolidation of Soils , 1976 .

[104]  A. Alshawabkeh,et al.  Removal of contaminants from soils by electrokinetics: A theoretical treatise , 1992 .

[105]  Yalcin B. Acar,et al.  Electrokinetic Remediation. II: Theoretical Model , 1996 .

[106]  A. Muntoni,et al.  Preliminary tests of an electrokinetic barrier to prevent heavy metal pollution of soils , 2007 .

[107]  R. Lui,et al.  Electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil , 1997 .

[108]  B. Allard,et al.  Mercury Transport and Speciation during Electrokinetic Soil Remediation , 2003 .

[109]  Claude A. Fetzer,et al.  ELECTRO-OSMOTIC STABILIZATION OF WEST BRANCH DAM , 1967 .

[110]  K. Reddy,et al.  Iodide-Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Mercury-Contaminated Soils , 2003 .

[111]  李 明昊.  Electrokinetic remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils , 2005 .