Saturable Absorption in 2D Nanomaterials and Related Photonic Devices

Wide‐spectral saturable absorption (SA) has been experimentally demonstrated in two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with outstanding performance, such as low saturation intensity, deep modulation depth, and fast recovery time of excited carriers. Hence, 2D nanomaterials can be utilized as saturable absorbers for mode‐locking or Q‐switching to generate laser pulses with short duration and high repetition rate. Here, the SA properties of graphene, layered transition metal dichalcogenides, Group‐V elements, and other 2D nanomaterials are reviewed by summarizing their slow‐ or fast‐ saturable absorption behavior using the modified Frantz–Nodvik model or the steady‐state solution of Hercher's rate equations. The dependence of SA in 2D nanomaterials on excitation wavelength, linear absorption coefficient, and pulse duration is also explained. Finally, the applications of these 2D nanomaterials in a range of pulsed lasers are summarized.

[1]  Feng Zhang,et al.  Sub-200 fs soliton mode-locked fiber laser based on bismuthene saturable absorber. , 2018, Optics express.

[2]  F. Zhang,et al.  MXene Ti3C2Tx absorber for a 1.06 μm passively Q-switched ceramic laser , 2018, Laser Physics Letters.

[3]  Longhui Zeng,et al.  Vertically standing PtSe2 film: a saturable absorber for a passively mode-locked Nd:LuVO4 laser , 2018, Photonics Research.

[4]  W. Blau,et al.  Nonlinear optical performance of few-layer molybdenum diselenide as a slow-saturable absorber , 2018, Photonics Research.

[5]  T. Hasan,et al.  102 fs pulse generation from a long-term stable, inkjet-printed black phosphorus-mode-locked fiber laser. , 2018, Optics express.

[6]  M. F. Omar,et al.  Dual-wavelength, mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser employing a graphene/polymethyl-methacrylate saturable absorber. , 2018, Optics express.

[7]  Chunhui Zhu,et al.  Broadband photocarrier dynamics and nonlinear absorption of PLD-grown WTe2 semimetal films , 2018 .

[8]  Y. Gogotsi,et al.  Saturable Absorption in 2D Ti3C2 MXene Thin Films for Passive Photonic Diodes , 2018, Advanced materials.

[9]  G. Duesberg,et al.  Saturation of Two-Photon Absorption in Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Experiment and Theory , 2018 .

[10]  Jingui Ma,et al.  Black phosphorus Q-switched and mode-locked mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser at 3.5 μm wavelength. , 2018, Optics express.

[11]  Tian Jiang,et al.  Ultrafast saturable absorption of MoS2 nanosheets under different pulse-width excitation conditions. , 2018, Optics letters.

[12]  Roelof Bernardus Timens,et al.  Low-Loss Si3N4 TriPleX Optical Waveguides: Technology and Applications Overview , 2018, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[13]  Dianyuan Fan,et al.  Few‐layer Bismuthene: Sonochemical Exfoliation, Nonlinear Optics and Applications for Ultrafast Photonics with Enhanced Stability , 2018 .

[14]  Wenhui Wang,et al.  All-Optical Switching of Two Continuous Waves in Few Layer Bismuthene Based on Spatial Cross-Phase Modulation , 2017 .

[15]  Meng Qiu,et al.  Fluorinated Phosphorene: Electrochemical Synthesis, Atomistic Fluorination, and Enhanced Stability. , 2017, Small.

[16]  L. Liao,et al.  Metal‐Ion‐Modified Black Phosphorus with Enhanced Stability and Transistor Performance , 2017, Advanced materials.

[17]  Su‐Ting Han,et al.  Recent advances in black phosphorus-based photonics, electronics, sensors and energy devices , 2017 .

[18]  Young In Jhon,et al.  Metallic MXene Saturable Absorber for Femtosecond Mode‐Locked Lasers , 2017, Advanced materials.

[19]  Jianhua Ji,et al.  Few-layer antimonene decorated microfiber: ultra-short pulse generation and all-optical thresholding with enhanced long term stability , 2017 .

[20]  W. Blau,et al.  Ultrafast Nonlinear Optical Properties of a Graphene Saturable Mirror in the 2 μm Wavelength Region , 2017 .

[21]  Jingliang He,et al.  Passively mode-locked 1.34 μm bulk laser based on few-layer black phosphorus saturable absorber. , 2017, Optics express.

[22]  Ge Zhang,et al.  Sub-100  fs Tm:MgWO4 laser at 2017  nm mode locked by a graphene saturable absorber. , 2017, Optics letters.

[23]  Jun Wang,et al.  Nonlinear Absorption Induced Transparency and Optical Limiting of Black Phosphorus Nanosheets , 2017 .

[24]  Jun Wang,et al.  Optically Induced Transparency and Extinction in Dispersed MoS2, MoSe2, and Graphene Nanosheets , 2017 .

[25]  C. Cruz,et al.  Controlled stacking of graphene monolayer saturable absorbers for ultrashort pulse generation in erbium-doped fiber lasers , 2017 .

[26]  Meng Qiu,et al.  Graphene oxide/black phosphorus nanoflake aerogels with robust thermo-stability and significantly enhanced photothermal properties in air. , 2017, Nanoscale.

[27]  Shishen Yan,et al.  First-principles prediction on bismuthylene monolayer as a promising quantum spin Hall insulator. , 2017, Nanoscale.

[28]  Dianyuan Fan,et al.  Black Phosphorus Based All-Optical-Signal-Processing: Toward High Performances and Enhanced Stability , 2017 .

[29]  D. Fan,et al.  Few‐Layer Phosphorene‐Decorated Microfiber for All‐Optical Thresholding and Optical Modulation , 2017 .

[30]  Zhengzong Sun,et al.  Chemical and Bandgap Engineering in Monolayer Hexagonal Boron Nitride , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[31]  W. Blau,et al.  MoS2 /Carbon Nanotube Core-Shell Nanocomposites for Enhanced Nonlinear Optical Performance. , 2017, Chemistry.

[32]  Muhammad Farid Mohd Rusdi,et al.  Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) film as a new saturable absorber for generating mode-locked Thulium-Holmium doped all-fiber laser , 2017 .

[33]  Sathish Chander Dhanabalan,et al.  Emerging Trends in Phosphorene Fabrication towards Next Generation Devices , 2017, Advanced science.

[34]  June Park,et al.  Near‐Infrared Saturable Absorption of Defective Bulk‐Structured WTe2 for Femtosecond Laser Mode‐Locking , 2016 .

[35]  J. Coleman,et al.  Slow and fast absorption saturation of black phosphorus: experiment and modelling. , 2016, Nanoscale.

[36]  J. Coleman,et al.  Size-dependent saturable absorption and mode-locking of dispersed black phosphorus nanosheets , 2016 .

[37]  G. Duesberg,et al.  Dispersion of nonlinear refractive index in layered WS2 and WSe2 semiconductor films induced by two-photon absorption. , 2016, Optics letters.

[38]  M. Withford,et al.  Bismuth telluride topological insulator nanosheet saturable absorbers for q‐switched mode‐locked Tm:ZBLAN waveguide lasers , 2016 .

[39]  S. Choi,et al.  Monolayer graphene coated Yb:YAG channel waveguides for Q-switched laser operation , 2016 .

[40]  Zhinan Guo,et al.  Solvothermal Synthesis and Ultrafast Photonics of Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots , 2016 .

[41]  R. Lu,et al.  Black phosphorus: a two-dimension saturable absorption material for mid-infrared Q-switched and mode-locked fiber lasers , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[42]  Peiguang Yan,et al.  High-damage-resistant tungsten disulfide saturable absorber mirror for passively Q-switched fiber laser. , 2016, Optics express.

[43]  J. Coleman,et al.  Ultrafast Nonlinear Excitation Dynamics of Black Phosphorus Nanosheets from Visible to Mid-Infrared. , 2016, ACS nano.

[44]  Junsu Lee,et al.  Femtosecond harmonic mode-locking of a fiber laser at 3.27 GHz using a bulk-like, MoSe2-based saturable absorber. , 2016, Optics express.

[45]  S. Harun,et al.  Q-switched Erbium-doped fiber laser using MoSe 2 as saturable absorber , 2016 .

[46]  H. Zeng,et al.  Nonlinear Saturable Absorption of Liquid-Exfoliated Molybdenum/Tungsten Ditelluride Nanosheets. , 2016, Small.

[47]  Jingliang He,et al.  Multi-layered black phosphorus as saturable absorber for pulsed Cr:ZnSe laser at 2.4 μm. , 2016, Optics express.

[48]  Chunhui Zhu,et al.  Two-dimensional material-based saturable absorbers: towards compact visible-wavelength all-fiber pulsed lasers. , 2016, Nanoscale.

[49]  Eva A. A. Pogna,et al.  Ultrafast valley relaxation dynamics in monolayer MoS2 probed by nonequilibrium optical techniques , 2015 .

[50]  Hao Wang,et al.  Q-switched fiber laser based on transition metal dichalcogenides MoS(2), MoSe(2), WS(2), and WSe(2). , 2015, Optics express.

[51]  Yingwei Wang,et al.  Ultrafast recovery time and broadband saturable absorption properties of black phosphorus suspension , 2015 .

[52]  Dianyuan Fan,et al.  Few-layer black phosphorus based saturable absorber mirror for pulsed solid-state lasers. , 2015, Optics express.

[53]  G. Xie,et al.  Black phosphorus as broadband saturable absorber for pulsed lasers from 1 μm to 2.7 μm wavelength , 2015, 1508.04510.

[54]  Jaroslaw Sotor,et al.  Ultrafast thulium-doped fiber laser mode locked with black phosphorus. , 2015, Optics letters.

[55]  S. Wen,et al.  Black phosphorus as saturable absorber for the Q-switched Er:ZBLAN fiber laser at 2.8 μm. , 2015, Optics express.

[56]  D. Fan,et al.  Black Phosphorus–Polymer Composites for Pulsed Lasers , 2015, 1506.06896.

[57]  Zhengqian Luo,et al.  Nonlinear optical absorption of few-layer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe 2 ) for passively mode-locked soliton fiber laser [Invited] , 2015 .

[58]  T. Murphy,et al.  Carrier dynamics and transient photobleaching in thin layers of black phosphorus , 2015, 1505.01455.

[59]  S. Wen,et al.  Broadband nonlinear optical response in multi-layer black phosphorus: an emerging infrared and mid-infrared optical material. , 2015, Optics express.

[60]  K. Abramski,et al.  Black phosphorus saturable absorber for ultrashort pulse generation , 2015, 1504.04731.

[61]  Meng Zhang,et al.  Few-layer MoS 2 saturable absorbers for short-pulse laser technology: current status and future perspectives [Invited] , 2015 .

[62]  J. Coleman,et al.  Tunable nonlinear refractive index of two-dimensional MoS 2 , WS 2 , and MoSe 2 nanosheet dispersions [Invited] , 2015 .

[63]  G. Xie,et al.  Passive Q-switching and Q-switched mode-locking operations of 2 μm Tm:CLNGG laser with MoS 2 saturable absorber mirror , 2015 .

[64]  Qinsheng Wang,et al.  Dynamical Evolution of Anisotropic Response in Black Phosphorus under Ultrafast Photoexcitation. , 2015, Nano letters.

[65]  R I Woodward,et al.  Wideband saturable absorption in few-layer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe₂) for Q-switching Yb-, Er- and Tm-doped fiber lasers. , 2015, Optics express.

[66]  Meng Zhang,et al.  Solution processed MoS2-PVA composite for sub-bandgap mode-locking of a wideband tunable ultrafast Er:fiber laser , 2015, Nano Research.

[67]  Jun Wang,et al.  Optical Limiting and Theoretical Modelling of Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[68]  H. Zeng,et al.  Atomically thin arsenene and antimonene: semimetal-semiconductor and indirect-direct band-gap transitions. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[69]  Zhenhua Yu,et al.  Yb:YAG thin disk laser passively Q-switched by a hydro-thermal grown molybdenum disulfide saturable absorber , 2015 .

[70]  Bo Lu,et al.  CORRIGENDUM: Separable Bilayer Microfiltration Device for Viable Label-free Enrichment of Circulating Tumour Cells , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[71]  Reza Khazaeinezhad,et al.  Saturable optical absorption in MoS2 nano-sheet optically deposited on the optical fiber facet , 2015 .

[72]  Jun Wang,et al.  Saturable absorption behavior of free-standing graphene polymer composite films over broad wavelength and time ranges. , 2015, Optics express.

[73]  Jun Wang,et al.  Liquid exfoliation of solvent-stabilized few-layer black phosphorus for applications beyond electronics , 2015, Nature Communications.

[74]  Z. Cai,et al.  Passively Q-switched Nd:YAlO₃nanosecond laser using MoS₂as saturable absorber. , 2014, Optics express.

[75]  Zhengqian Luo,et al.  Widely-tunable, passively Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser with few-layer MoS2 saturable absorber. , 2014, Optics express.

[76]  F. Xia,et al.  Two-dimensional material nanophotonics , 2014, Nature Photonics.

[77]  Zhengqian Luo,et al.  1-, 1.5-, and 2-μm Fiber Lasers Q-Switched by a Broadband Few-Layer MoS2 Saturable Absorber , 2014, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[78]  Meng Liu,et al.  Microfiber-based few-layer MoS2 saturable absorber for 2.5 GHz passively harmonic mode-locked fiber laser. , 2014, Optics express.

[79]  Kyunghwan Oh,et al.  Mode-locking of Er-doped fiber laser using a multilayer MoS2 thin film as a saturable absorber in both anomalous and normal dispersion regimes. , 2014, Optics express.

[80]  Shuangchun Wen,et al.  Ytterbium-doped fiber laser passively mode locked by few-layer Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) saturable absorber functioned with evanescent field interaction , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[81]  J. Coleman,et al.  Broadband ultrafast nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of layered molybdenum dichalcogenide semiconductors. , 2014, Nanoscale.

[82]  Meng Liu,et al.  Femtosecond pulse erbium-doped fiber laser by a few-layer MoS(2) saturable absorber. , 2014, Optics letters.

[83]  Junsu Lee,et al.  All-normal-dispersion dissipative-soliton fiber laser at 1.06 µm using a bulk-structured Bi2Te3 topological insulator-deposited side-polished fiber , 2014 .

[84]  Jingliang He,et al.  Passively Q-switched 2 μm Tm:YAP laser based on graphene saturable absorber mirror. , 2014, Applied optics.

[85]  Heping Li,et al.  Ultrafast erbium-doped fiber laser mode-locked by a CVD-grown molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) saturable absorber. , 2014, Optics express.

[86]  Liangmo Mei,et al.  Broadband Few‐Layer MoS2 Saturable Absorbers , 2014, Advanced materials.

[87]  Liejia Qian,et al.  Wavelength-Versatile Graphene-Gold Film Saturable Absorber Mirror for Ultra-Broadband Mode-Locking of Bulk Lasers , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[88]  S. Wen,et al.  Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) as a broadband saturable absorber for ultra-fast photonics. , 2014, Optics express.

[89]  Junsu Lee,et al.  A femtosecond pulse erbium fiber laser incorporating a saturable absorber based on bulk-structured Bi2Te3 topological insulator. , 2014, Optics express.

[90]  J. Coleman,et al.  Ultrafast saturable absorption of two-dimensional MoS2 nanosheets. , 2013, ACS nano.

[91]  Yury Gogotsi,et al.  Cation Intercalation and High Volumetric Capacitance of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide , 2013, Science.

[92]  Kwanil Lee,et al.  Mode-locked pulse generation from an all-fiberized, Tm-Ho-codoped fiber laser incorporating a graphene oxide-deposited side-polished fiber. , 2013, Optics express.

[93]  Yudong Cui,et al.  Graphene and nanotube mode-locked fiber laser emitting dissipative and conventional solitons. , 2013, Optics express.

[94]  Zhengqian Luo,et al.  1.06 μm Q-switched ytterbium-doped fiber laser using few-layer topological insulator Bi₂Se₃ as a saturable absorber. , 2013, Optics express.

[95]  Gong-Ru Lin,et al.  Using graphene nano-particle embedded in photonic crystal fiber for evanescent wave mode-locking of fiber laser. , 2013, Optics express.

[96]  Xia Yu,et al.  All-normal-dispersion passively mode-locked Yb-doped fiber ring laser based on a graphene oxide saturable absorber , 2013 .

[97]  Y. Tsang,et al.  3 W high-power laser passively mode-locked by graphene oxide saturable absorber , 2013 .

[98]  Y. G. Wang,et al.  An L-band graphene-oxide mode-locked fiber laser delivering bright and dark pulses , 2013 .

[99]  Jun Xu,et al.  An Yb3+-doped Lu2SiO5 mode-locked laser using a reflective graphene oxide absorber , 2013 .

[100]  D. Basko,et al.  Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene. , 2013, Nature nanotechnology.

[101]  Jaroslaw Sotor,et al.  A graphene-based mode-locked nano-engineered zirconia–yttria–aluminosilicate glass-based erbium-doped fiber laser , 2013 .

[102]  Y. Tsang,et al.  Mode-locked Nd: GdVO4 laser with graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol composite material absorber as well as an output coupler , 2013 .

[103]  Joonhoi Koo,et al.  A Q-switched, mode-locked fiber laser using a graphene oxide-based polarization sensitive saturable absorber , 2013 .

[104]  Huili Grace Xing,et al.  Exciton dynamics in suspended monolayer and few-layer MoS₂ 2D crystals. , 2013, ACS nano.

[105]  Zhipei Sun,et al.  1.5 GHz picosecond pulse generation from a monolithic waveguide laser with a graphene-film saturable output coupler. , 2012, Optics express.

[106]  Yong-Won Song,et al.  A Mode-Locked 1.91 µm Fiber Laser Based on Interaction between Graphene Oxide and Evanescent Field , 2012 .

[107]  Sefaattin Tongay,et al.  Thermally driven crossover from indirect toward direct bandgap in 2D semiconductors: MoSe2 versus MoS2. , 2012, Nano letters.

[108]  Y. Tsang,et al.  Graphene Oxide Absorbers for Watt-Level High-Power Passive Mode-Locked Nd:GdVO $_{4}$ Laser Operating at 1 $\mu$m , 2012, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[109]  Shuangchun Wen,et al.  Microwave and optical saturable absorption in graphene. , 2012, Optics express.

[110]  Jia Xu,et al.  Dissipative soliton generation from a graphene oxide mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser. , 2012, Optics express.

[111]  Qian Wang,et al.  Nanosecond-pulsed erbium-doped fiber lasers with graphene saturable absorber , 2012 .

[112]  Jun Wang,et al.  Linearly Polarized 1180-nm Raman Fiber Laser Mode Locked by Graphene , 2012, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[113]  K. Abramski,et al.  Graphene oxide vs. reduced graphene oxide as saturable absorbers for Er-doped passively mode-locked fiber laser. , 2012, Optics express.

[114]  J. Taylor,et al.  Tm-doped fiber laser mode-locked by graphene-polymer composite. , 2012, Optics express.

[115]  Min Zhou,et al.  Evanescent-Light Deposition of Graphene Onto Tapered Fibers for Passive Q-Switch and Mode-Locker , 2012, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[116]  Jia Xu,et al.  Graphene oxide mode-locked femtosecond erbium-doped fiber lasers. , 2012, Optics express.

[117]  Jing-Liang He,et al.  Efficient graphene Q switching and mode locking of 1.34 μm neodymium lasers. , 2012, Optics letters.

[118]  Liejia Qian,et al.  Graphene saturable absorber for Q-switching and mode locking at 2 μm wavelength [Invited] , 2012 .

[119]  M. Nathan,et al.  Saturable absorption of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/hybrid-glass composites , 2012 .

[120]  Zhi-Chao Luo,et al.  Optical Deposition of Graphene Saturable Absorber Integrated in a Fiber Laser Using a Slot Collimator for Passive Mode-Locking , 2012 .

[121]  Xiaoying He,et al.  Passively Mode-Locked Fiber Laser Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide on Microfiber for Ultra-Wide-Band Doublet Pulse Generation , 2012, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[122]  Mustafa Lotya,et al.  Solvent Exfoliation of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Dispersability of Exfoliated Nanosheets Varies Only Weakly between Compounds /v Sol (mol/ml) Characterisation of Dispersions , 2022 .

[123]  Zhengqian Luo,et al.  Multiwavelength mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser based on the interaction of graphene and fiber-taper evanescent field , 2012 .

[124]  Fabian Rotermund,et al.  Graphene-filled hollow optical fiber saturable absorber for efficient soliton fiber laser mode-locking. , 2012, Optics express.

[125]  A. Rao,et al.  Effects of disorder on the optical properties of CVD grown polycrystalline graphene. , 2012, Nanoscale.

[126]  Jingliang He,et al.  Performance of large-area few-layer graphene saturable absorber in femtosecond bulk laser , 2011 .

[127]  D. Kielpinski,et al.  Low-loss flake-graphene saturable absorber mirror for laser mode-locking at sub-200-fs pulse duration , 2011, 1111.6011.

[128]  V. Presser,et al.  Two‐Dimensional Nanocrystals Produced by Exfoliation of Ti3AlC2 , 2011, Advanced materials.

[129]  S. Zhang,et al.  High power passively mode-locked Nd:YVO4 laser using graphene oxide as a saturable absorber , 2011 .

[130]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Self-Assembled Graphene Membrane as an Ultrafast Mode-Locker in an Erbium Fiber Laser , 2011, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[131]  Amos Martinez,et al.  Mechanical exfoliation of graphene for the passive mode-locking of fiber lasers , 2011 .

[132]  Xiaoying He,et al.  Passively mode-locked fiber laser based on a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber filled with few-layered graphene oxide solution. , 2011, Optics letters.

[133]  Wei Chen,et al.  Giant two-photon absorption in bilayer graphene. , 2011, Nano letters.

[134]  Jing-Liang He,et al.  Graphene saturable absorber mirror for ultra-fast-pulse solid-state laser. , 2011, Optics letters.

[135]  J. Coleman,et al.  Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials , 2011, Science.

[136]  Yong-Won Song,et al.  Deformation-immunized optical deposition of graphene for ultrafast pulsed lasers , 2011 .

[137]  G. Privitera,et al.  Solution‐phase exfoliation of graphite for ultrafast photonics , 2010 .

[138]  Yong-Won Song,et al.  Multilayered graphene efficiently formed by mechanical exfoliation for nonlinear saturable absorbers in fiber mode-locked lasers , 2010 .

[139]  Shinji Yamashita,et al.  Optical deposition of graphene and carbon nanotubes in a fiber ferrule for passive mode-locked lasing. , 2010, Optics express.

[140]  F. Torrisi,et al.  Sub 200 fs pulse generation from a graphene mode-locked fiber laser , 2010, 1010.1329.

[141]  Zhipei Sun,et al.  A stable, wideband tunable, near transform-limited, graphene-mode-locked, ultrafast laser , 2010 .

[142]  K. Novoselov,et al.  Hunting for monolayer boron nitride: optical and Raman signatures. , 2010, Small.

[143]  A. Ferrari,et al.  Graphene Photonics and Optoelectroncs , 2010, CLEO 2012.

[144]  K. Shepard,et al.  Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics. , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[145]  P. Iriarte,et al.  Observation of a Dirac point in microwave experiments with a photonic crystal modeling graphene , 2010, 1005.4506.

[146]  Seeram Ramakrishna,et al.  Graphene–Polymer Nanofiber Membrane for Ultrafast Photonics , 2010 .

[147]  Tze Chien Sum,et al.  The Physics of ultrafast saturable absorption in graphene. , 2010, Optics express.

[148]  Yong-Won Song,et al.  Graphene mode-lockers for fiber lasers functioned with evanescent field interaction , 2010 .

[149]  Randy Knize,et al.  Mode locking of ceramic Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet with graphene as a saturable absorber , 2010 .

[150]  C. Rao,et al.  Femtosecond carrier dynamics and saturable absorption in graphene suspensions , 2009, 0911.1415.

[151]  Zhipei Sun,et al.  Nanotube–Polymer Composites for Ultrafast Photonics , 2009 .

[152]  Zhenhua Ni,et al.  Atomic‐Layer Graphene as a Saturable Absorber for Ultrafast Pulsed Lasers , 2009, 0910.5820.

[153]  D. Tang,et al.  Large energy mode locking of an erbium-doped fiber laser with atomic layer graphene. , 2009, Optics express.

[154]  D. Basko,et al.  Graphene mode-locked ultrafast laser. , 2009, ACS nano.

[155]  Mustafa Lotya,et al.  Broadband Nonlinear Optical Response of Graphene Dispersions , 2009 .

[156]  S. Louie,et al.  Excitonic effects on the optical response of graphene and bilayer graphene. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[157]  Xi Dai,et al.  Topological insulators in Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 with a single Dirac cone on the surface , 2009 .

[158]  C. Berger,et al.  Ultrafast Relaxation of Excited Dirac Fermions in Epitaxial Graphene Using Optical Differential Transmission Spectroscopy , 2008 .

[159]  Michael G. Spencer,et al.  Measurement of Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics in Epitaxial Graphene , 2007, 0712.0119.

[160]  Ernst Brinkmeyer,et al.  Experimental and numerical study of the switching dynamics of Raman fiber lasers , 2005 .

[161]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films , 2004, Science.

[162]  U. Keller.  Recent developments in compact ultrafast lasers , 2003, Nature.

[163]  E. D. Crozier,et al.  Structures of exfoliated single layers of WS 2 , MoS 2 , and MoSe 2 in aqueous suspension , 2002 .

[164]  Rüdiger Paschotta,et al.  Passive mode locking with slow saturable absorbers , 2001 .

[165]  H. Haus.  Mode-locking of lasers , 2000, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[166]  Yehoshua Kalisky,et al.  Excited-state absorption studies of Cr/sup 4+/ ions in several garnet host crystals , 1998 .

[167]  F. Kärtner,et al.  Semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAM's) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers , 1996 .

[168]  A. Gaeta,et al.  Q switching of a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser with GaAs. , 1996, Optics letters.

[169]  S. M. Jacobsen,et al.  Saturation of 1.064 μm absorption in Cr,Ca:Y3Al5O12 crystals , 1992 .

[170]  E. W. Stryland,et al.  Sensitive Measurement of Optical Nonlinearities Using a Single Beam Special 30th Anniversary Feature , 1990 .

[171]  E. W. Stryland,et al.  High-sensitivity, single-beam n(2) measurements. , 1989, Optics letters.

[172]  B. Greene,et al.  Generation of optical pulses shorter than 0.1 psec by colliding pulse mode-locking , 1981, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[173]  E. Ippen,et al.  Picosecond pulse generation by passive mode locking of diode lasers , 1980 .

[174]  W. Wilcke,et al.  Effect of Pauli blocking on exchange and dissipation mechanisms operating in heavy-ion reactions , 1980 .

[175]  H. Haus.  Theory of mode locking with a fast saturable absorber , 1975 .

[176]  Aleksandra Przewłoka,et al.  Dispersion-managed Ho-doped fiber laser mode-locked with a graphene saturable absorber. , 2018, Optics letters.

[177]  Linjie Zhou,et al.  High-performance mode-locked and Q-switched fiber lasers based on novel 2D materials of topological insulators, transition metal dichalcogenides and black phosphorus: review and perspective (invited) , 2018 .

[178]  Shuangchun Wen,et al.  Mid-infrared mode-locked pulse generation with multilayer black phosphorus as saturable absorber. , 2016, Optics letters.

[179]  Yong Liu,et al.  Passively $Q$ -Switched Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser Based on Few-Layer MoS2 Saturable Absorber , 2015, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[180]  Jaroslaw Sotor,et al.  Mode-locking in Er-doped fiber laser based on mechanically exfoliated Sb_2Te_3 saturable absorber , 2014 .

[181]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Passive harmonic mode locking in erbium-doped fiber laser with graphene saturable absorber , 2013 .

[182]  Lei Su,et al.  Graphene oxide absorber for 2 μm passive mode-locking Tm:YAlO3 laser , 2011 .

[183]  F. Kärtner,et al.  Stabilization of solitonlike pulses with a slow saturable absorber. , 1995, Optics letters.