Decreased Staphylococcus aureus and increased osteoblast density on nanostructured electrophoretic-deposited hydroxyapatite on titanium without the use of pharmaceuticals

Background Plasma-spray deposition of hydroxyapatite on titanium (Ti) has proven to be a suboptimal solution to improve orthopedic-implant success rates, as demonstrated by the increasing number of orthopedic revision surgeries due to infection, implant loosening, and a myriad of other reasons. This could be in part due to the high heat involved during plasma-spray deposition, which significantly increases hydroxyapatite crystal growth into the nonbiologically inspired micron regime. There has been a push to create nanotopographies on implant surfaces to mimic the physiological nanostructure of native bone and, thus, improve osteoblast (bone-forming cell) functions and inhibit bacteria functions. Among the several techniques that have been adopted to develop nanocoatings, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is an attractive, versatile, and effective material-processing technique. Objective The in vitro study reported here aimed to determine for the first time bacteria responses to hydroxyapatite coated on Ti via EPD. Results There were six and three times more osteoblasts on the electrophoretic-deposited hydroxyapatite on Ti compared with Ti (control) and plasma-spray-deposited hydroxyapatite on Ti after 5 days of culture, respectively. Impressively, there were 2.9 and 31.7 times less Staphylococcus aureus on electrophoretic-deposited hydroxyapatite on Ti compared with Ti (control) and plasma-spray-deposited hydroxyapatite on Ti after 18 hours of culture, respectively. Conclusion Compared with uncoated Ti and plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coated on Ti, the results provided significant promise for the use of EPD to improve bone-cell density and be used as an antibacterial coating without resorting to the use of antibiotics.

[1]  T. Webster,et al.  Enhanced osteoblast adhesion on hydrothermally treated hydroxyapatite/titania/poly(lactide-co-glycolide) sol-gel titanium coatings. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[2]  J. Weng,et al.  Characterization of surface oxide films on titanium and adhesion of osteoblast. , 2003, Biomaterials.

[3]  T. Webster,et al.  Nano rough micron patterned titanium for directing osteoblast morphology and adhesion , 2008, International journal of nanomedicine.

[4]  Lars Rasmusson,et al.  Titanium dioxide nanotubes enhance bone bonding in vivo. , 2009, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[5]  Daniel Berry,et al.  Prosthetic Joint Infection Risk after TKA in the Medicare Population , 2010, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[6]  Steven M. Kurtz,et al.  The Epidemiology of Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty in the United States , 2009, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[7]  T. Webster,et al.  Reduced adhesion of macrophages on anodized titanium with select nanotube surface features , 2011, International journal of nanomedicine.

[8]  Patrik Schmuki,et al.  Nanosize and vitality: TiO2 nanotube diameter directs cell fate. , 2007, Nano letters.

[9]  Kevin Ong,et al.  The epidemiology of revision total hip arthroplasty in the United States. , 2009, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[10]  Thomas J Webster,et al.  Diameter of titanium nanotubes influences anti-bacterial efficacy , 2011, Nanotechnology.

[11]  A R Boccaccini,et al.  Electrophoretic deposition of biomaterials , 2010, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[12]  T.S.N. Sankara Narayanan,et al.  Electrophoretic deposition of nanocomposite (HAp + TiO2) on titanium alloy for biomedical applications , 2012 .

[13]  Aldo R. Boccaccini,et al.  Application of electrophoretic and electrolytic deposition techniques in ceramics processing , 2002 .

[14]  Emeka Nkenke,et al.  In vivo evaluation of anodic TiO2 nanotubes: an experimental study in the pig. , 2009, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[15]  Thomas J Webster,et al.  The relationship between the nanostructure of titanium surfaces and bacterial attachment. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[16]  E. Saiz,et al.  Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Coatings for Improved Adhesion and Corrosion Resistance for Medical Implants , 2001 .

[17]  A. Boccaccini,et al.  Electrophoretic deposition: From traditional ceramics to nanotechnology , 2008 .

[18]  S. Puckett.  Select Nanofabricated Titanium Materials for Enhancing Bone and Skin Growth of Intraosseous Transcutaneous Amputation Prostheses , 2009 .

[19]  J. M. Martínez-Duart,et al.  Electrodeposition of hydroxyapatite coatings in basic conditions. , 2000, Biomaterials.

[20]  Carla Renata Arciola,et al.  The significance of infection related to orthopedic devices and issues of antibiotic resistance. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[21]  I. Zhitomirsky,et al.  Electrophoretic deposition of hydroxyapatite , 1997, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[22]  B. Ercan.  Anodized Nanotubular Titanium as an Orthopedic Implant and the Effect of Electrical Stimulation , 2011 .

[23]  Thomas J Webster,et al.  Decreased Staphylococcus aureus biofilm growth on anodized nanotubular titanium and the effect of electrical stimulation. , 2011, Acta biomaterialia.

[24]  F. Baquero.  Gram-positive resistance: challenge for the development of new antibiotics. , 1997, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[25]  Sungho Jin,et al.  Stem cell fate dictated solely by altered nanotube dimension , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[26]  T. Webster,et al.  Anodized 20 nm diameter nanotubular titanium for improved bladder stent applications , 2011, International journal of nanomedicine.

[27]  T. Webster,et al.  Nanotextured titanium surfaces for enhancing skin growth on transcutaneous osseointegrated devices. , 2010, Acta biomaterialia.

[28]  Fu-qiang Zhang,et al.  The effect of anatase TiO2 nanotube layers on MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. , 2010, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[29]  T. Gottlieb,et al.  7: Soft tissue, bone and joint infections , 2002, The Medical journal of Australia.

[30]  T. Jędrzejewski,et al.  The evaluation of the impact of titania nanotube covers morphology and crystal phase on their biological properties , 2015, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.