Control of Fast Goal-Directed Arm Movements : a critical evaluation of the equilibrium point hypothesis

There is a theory which states that if ever anybody discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable. There is another theory which states that this has already happened.

[1]  A. G. Feldman,et al.  Control processes underlying elbow flexion movements may be independent of kinematic and electromyographic patterns: experimental study and modelling , 1997, Neuroscience.

[2]  Edward J. Tehovnik,et al.  The dorsomedial frontal cortex: eye and forelimb fields , 1995, Behavioural Brain Research.

[3]  P. Hofmann,et al.  Bound calcium and force development in skinned cardiac muscle bundles: effect of sarcomere length. , 1988, Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology.

[4]  J. Flanagan,et al.  The Origin of Electromyograms - Explanations Based on the Equilibrium Point Hypothesis , 1990 .

[5]  P. A. Huijing,et al.  Effects of in vivo-like activation frequency on the length-dependent force generation of skeletal muscle fibre bundles , 1998, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[6]  S. Walker,et al.  I segment lengths and thin filament periods in skeletal muscle fibers of the rhesus monkey and the human , 1974, The Anatomical record.

[7]  K S McDonald,et al.  Sarcomere length dependence of the rate of tension redevelopment and submaximal tension in rat and rabbit skinned skeletal muscle fibres , 1997, The Journal of physiology.

[8]  Joseph A. Doeringer,et al.  Intermittency in preplanned elbow movements persists in the absence of visual feedback. , 1998, Journal of neurophysiology.

[9]  J. J. D. Gon,et al.  A biomechanical model for flexion torques of human arm muscles as a function of elbow angle. , 1988 .

[10]  N. A. Borghese,et al.  Time-varying mechanical behavior of multijointed arm in man. , 1993, Journal of neurophysiology.

[11]  Gideon F. Inbar,et al.  Examination of the λ equilibrium point hypothesis when applied to single degree of freedom movements performed with different inertial loads , 1997, Biological Cybernetics.

[12]  M. Arbib,et al.  Role of the cerebellum in reaching movements in humans. I. Distributed inverse dynamics control , 1998, The European journal of neuroscience.

[13]  Joachim Gross,et al.  The cerebral oscillatory network associated with auditorily paced finger movements , 2005, NeuroImage.

[14]  B. R. Jewell,et al.  Length‐Dependent Activation: Its Effect on the Length‐Tension Relation in Cat Ventricular Muscle , 1977, Circulation research.

[15]  A. J. van den Bogert,et al.  Human muscle modelling from a user's perspective. , 1998, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[16]  G J van Ingen Schenau,et al.  Isokinetic plantar flexion: experimental results and model calculations. , 1990, Journal of biomechanics.

[17]  L Stark,et al.  Estimated mechanical properties of synergistic muscles involved in movements of a variety of human joints. , 1988, Journal of biomechanics.

[18]  P. Merton Speculations on the Servo‐Control of Movement , 2008 .

[19]  J. Wessberg,et al.  Organization of motor output in slow finger movements in man. , 1993, The Journal of physiology.

[20]  Maarten F Bobbert,et al.  Length-dependent [Ca2+] sensitivity adds stiffness to muscle. , 2005, Journal of biomechanics.

[21]  M. Latash,et al.  Testing hypotheses and the advancement of science: recent attempts to falsify the equilibrium point hypothesis , 2005, Experimental Brain Research.

[22]  Stuart N Baker,et al.  Task‐dependent intermanual coupling of 8‐Hz discontinuities during slow finger movements , 2003, The European journal of neuroscience.

[23]  M G Pandy,et al.  Computer modeling and simulation of human movement. , 2001, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[24]  J T Stern,et al.  Computer modelling of gross muscle dynamics. , 1974, Journal of biomechanics.

[25]  H. Hermens,et al.  SENIAM 8: European recommendations for surface electromyography , 1999 .

[26]  Jeffrey C. Lagarias,et al.  Convergence Properties of the Nelder-Mead Simplex Method in Low Dimensions , 1998, SIAM J. Optim..

[27]  K. An,et al.  Physiological considerations of muscle force through the elbow joint. , 1989, Journal of biomechanics.

[28]  H. Gomi,et al.  Multijoint muscle regulation mechanisms examined by measured human arm stiffness and EMG signals. , 1999, Journal of neurophysiology.

[29]  B. Katz The relation between force and speed in muscular contraction , 1939, The Journal of physiology.

[30]  U. Windhorst,et al.  Shaping static elbow torque-angle relationships by spinal cord circuits: A theoretical study , 1994, Neuroscience.

[31]  A. G. Feldman,et al.  The origin and use of positional frames of reference in motor control , 1995, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[32]  A. Huxley,et al.  The variation in isometric tension with sarcomere length in vertebrate muscle fibres , 1966, The Journal of physiology.

[33]  F. Zajac Muscle and tendon: properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control. , 1989, Critical reviews in biomedical engineering.

[34]  Mitsuo Kawato,et al.  Human arm stiffness and equilibrium-point trajectory during multi-joint movement , 1997, Biological Cybernetics.

[35]  Michael I. Jordan,et al.  Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[36]  P. V. Karpovich,et al.  Strength of forearm flexors and extensors in men and women. , 1968, Journal of applied physiology.

[37]  S. Delp,et al.  The isometric functional capacity of muscles that cross the elbow. , 2000, Journal of biomechanics.

[38]  Stefan Schaal The handbook of brain theory and neural networks , 2002 .

[39]  D. Allen,et al.  The effect of muscle length on intracellular calcium and force in single fibres from mouse skeletal muscle. , 1996, The Journal of physiology.

[40]  Tadaaki Mano,et al.  Control of rapid elbow extension movement , 1993, Brain Research Bulletin.

[41]  J. He,et al.  Feedback gains for correcting small perturbations to standing posture , 1989, Proceedings of the 28th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control,.

[42]  D. Ostry,et al.  Relationship between cocontraction, movement kinematics and phasic muscle activity in single-joint arm movement , 2001, Experimental Brain Research.

[43]  Michael A. Arbib,et al.  A mathematical analysis of the force-stiffness characteristics of muscles in control of a single joint system , 1992, Biological Cybernetics.

[44]  D J Ostry,et al.  Are complex control signals required for human arm movement? , 1998, Journal of neurophysiology.

[45]  J. Hollerbach,et al.  Time-varying stiffness of human elbow joint during cyclic voluntary movement , 2005, Experimental Brain Research.

[46]  S. Delp,et al.  Variation of muscle moment arms with elbow and forearm position. , 1995, Journal of biomechanics.

[47]  E. Bizzi,et al.  Neural, mechanical, and geometric factors subserving arm posture in humans , 1985, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[48]  F E Zajac,et al.  Muscle coordination of movement: a perspective. , 1993, Journal of biomechanics.

[49]  J. Soechting,et al.  The mechanical behavior of the human forearm in response to transient perturbations , 1982, Biological Cybernetics.

[50]  E. Rome,et al.  X-ray diffraction studies of the filament lattice of striated muscle in various bathing media. , 1968, Journal of molecular biology.

[51]  Mitsuo Kawato,et al.  Equilibrium-Point Control Hypothesis Examined by Measured Arm Stiffness During Multijoint Movement , 1996, Science.

[52]  Evert-Jan Nijhof,et al.  Simulation of Multijoint Arm Movements , 2000 .

[53]  A. L. Hof The force resulting from the action of mono-and biarticular muscles in a limb , 2001 .

[54]  A. Hof In vivo measurement of the series elasticity release curve of human triceps surae muscle , 1998 .

[55]  Maarten F. Bobbert,et al.  The contribution of muscle properties in the control of explosive movements , 1993, Biological Cybernetics.

[56]  J. McIntyre,et al.  Servo Hypotheses for the Biological Control of Movement. , 1993, Journal of motor behavior.

[57]  David M. Halliday,et al.  Low Frequency Cortico-Muscular Coherence During Voluntary Rapid Movements of the Wrist Joint , 2003, Brain Topography.

[58]  G. L. Gottlieb,et al.  Reconstruction of shifting elbow joint compliant characteristics during fast and slow movements , 1991, Neuroscience.

[59]  N Kakuda,et al.  Common modulation of motor unit pairs during slow wrist movement in man , 1999, The Journal of physiology.

[60]  Mitsuo Kawato,et al.  Internal models for motor control and trajectory planning , 1999, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[61]  Jeroen B J Smeets,et al.  Relative damping improves linear mass-spring models of goal-directed movements. , 2002, Human movement science.

[62]  G. Gottlieb,et al.  The neural control of single degree-of-freedom elbow movements , 2003, Experimental Brain Research.

[63]  F. A. Mussa-lvaldi,et al.  Convergent force fields organized in the frog's spinal cord , 1993, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[64]  Maarten F. Bobbert,et al.  The force-length relationship of a muscle-tendon complex: experimental results and model calculations , 2004, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[65]  K. Wachholder,et al.  Beiträge zur Physiologie der willkürlichen Bewegung , 2005, Pflüger's Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere.

[66]  Ian E. Brown,et al.  A Reductionist Approach to Creating and Using Neuromusculoskeletal Models , 2000 .

[67]  Zoubin Ghahramani,et al.  Computational principles of movement neuroscience , 2000, Nature Neuroscience.

[68]  Dinant Kistemaker,et al.  Stepping back in sprinting. , 2002, Journal of biomechanics.

[69]  D. Stephenson,et al.  Length dependence of changes in sarcoplasmic calcium concentration and myofibrillar calcium sensitivity in striated muscle fibres , 1984, Journal of Muscle Research & Cell Motility.

[70]  D. Grieve Prediction of gastrocnemius length from knee and ankle joint posture , 1978 .

[71]  N. Hogan An organizing principle for a class of voluntary movements , 1984, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[72]  Y Uno,et al.  Quantitative examinations of internal representations for arm trajectory planning: minimum commanded torque change model. , 1999, Journal of neurophysiology.

[73]  R. Kearney,et al.  Intrinsic and reflex contributions to human ankle stiffness: variation with activation level and position , 2000, Experimental Brain Research.

[74]  G. Gottlieb,et al.  Oscillation of the human ankle joint in response to applied sinusoidal torque on the foot , 1977, The Journal of physiology.

[75]  G. Gottlieb,et al.  Electromyographic responses to an unexpected load in fast voluntary movements: descending regulation of segmental reflexes. , 2002, Journal of neurophysiology.

[76]  N. Hogan,et al.  Does the nervous system use equilibrium-point control to guide single and multiple joint movements? , 1992, The Behavioral and brain sciences.

[77]  I. Hunter,et al.  Dynamics of human ankle stiffness: variation with mean ankle torque. , 1982, Journal of biomechanics.

[78]  A. Vallbo,et al.  Discharge patterns in human muscle spindle afferents during isometric voluntary contractions. , 1970, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[79]  K. An,et al.  Optimum length of muscle contraction. , 1997, Clinical biomechanics.

[80]  M. Endo,et al.  Length Dependence of Activation of Skinned Muscle Fibers by Calcium , 1973 .

[81]  P. Rack,et al.  The effects of length and stimulus rate on tension in the isometric cat soleus muscle , 1969, The Journal of physiology.

[82]  R. Miall,et al.  Intermittency in human manual tracking tasks. , 1993, Journal of motor behavior.

[83]  T. Irving,et al.  Myofilament lattice spacing as a function of sarcomere length in isolated rat myocardium. , 2000, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[84]  Maarten F Bobbert,et al.  Is equilibrium point control feasible for fast goal-directed single-joint movements? , 2006, Journal of neurophysiology.

[85]  David A. Winter,et al.  Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement , 1990 .

[86]  T. Irving,et al.  Length‐dependent activation in three striated muscle types of the rat , 2002, The Journal of physiology.

[87]  D. Bullock,et al.  How Spinal Neural Networks Reduce Discrepancies between Motor Intention and Motor Realization , 1991 .

[88]  J. Petrofsky,et al.  The influence of temperature initial length and electrical activity on the force-velocity relationship of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the cat. , 1981, Journal of biomechanics.

[89]  H. Gomi,et al.  Task-Dependent Viscoelasticity of Human Multijoint Arm and Its Spatial Characteristics for Interaction with Environments , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[90]  G L Gottlieb,et al.  Muscle activation patterns during two types of voluntary single-joint movement. , 1998, Journal of neurophysiology.

[91]  David J. Ostry,et al.  A critical evaluation of the force control hypothesis in motor control , 2003, Experimental Brain Research.

[92]  Walter Herzog,et al.  The shape of the force-elbow angle relationship for maximal voluntary contractions and sub-maximal electrically induced contractions in human elbow flexors. , 2003, Journal of biomechanics.

[93]  A. Bahler,et al.  The Active State of Mammalian Skeletal Muscle , 1967, The Journal of general physiology.

[94]  E. Bizzi,et al.  Posture control and trajectory formation in single- and multi-joint arm movements. , 1983, Advances in neurology.

[95]  M L Hull,et al.  Evaluation of performance criteria for simulation of submaximal steady-state cycling using a forward dynamic model. , 1997, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[96]  A. Schnitzler,et al.  The neural basis of intermittent motor control in humans , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[97]  B. R. Jewell,et al.  The mechanical properties of relaxing muscle , 1960, The Journal of physiology.

[98]  B Roszek,et al.  Decreasing stimulation frequency-dependent length-force characteristics of rat muscle. , 1994, Journal of applied physiology.

[99]  R. Stein,et al.  Identification of intrinsic and reflex contributions to human ankle stiffness dynamics , 1997, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[100]  H. Woltring Myocybernetic control models of skeletal muscle—Characteristics and applications , 1983 .

[101]  M. Endo,et al.  Stretch-induced increase in activation of skinned muscle fibres by calcium. , 1972, Nature: New biology.

[102]  E. Bizzi,et al.  Posture control and trajectory formation during arm movement , 1984, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[103]  D. A. Williams,et al.  Effects of sarcomere length on the force—pCa relation in fast‐ and slow‐twitch skinned muscle fibres from the rat , 1982, The Journal of physiology.

[104]  M. Latash,et al.  Joint stiffness: Myth or reality? , 1993 .

[105]  W. Zev Rymer,et al.  Elbow impedance during goal-directed movements , 2003, Experimental Brain Research.

[106]  D J Ostry,et al.  Compensation for interaction torques during single- and multijoint limb movement. , 1999, Journal of neurophysiology.

[107]  J. Wessberg,et al.  Pulsatile motor output in human finger movements is not dependent on the stretch reflex. , 1996, The Journal of physiology.

[108]  Jack M. Winters,et al.  Biomechanics and Neural Control of Posture and Movement , 2011, Springer New York.

[109]  Rosenberg,et al.  Task-dependent changes in rhythmic motor output during voluntary elbow movement in man , 1997 .

[110]  U. Windhorst,et al.  Levers to generate movement , 1995, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[111]  Frans C. T. van der Helm,et al.  Identification of intrinsic and reflexive components of human arm dynamics during postural control , 2002, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[112]  T S Miles,et al.  Observations on the variability of the H reflex in human soleus , 1999, Muscle & nerve.

[113]  Stefan Schaal,et al.  Forward models in visuomotor control. , 2002, Journal of neurophysiology.

[114]  M. Graziano,et al.  Complex Movements Evoked by Microstimulation of Precentral Cortex , 2002, Neuron.

[115]  J. Murphy,et al.  Measurements of human forearm viscoelasticity. , 1986, Journal of biomechanics.

[116]  Stephen Grossberg,et al.  Emergence of tri-phasic muscle activation from the nonlinear interactions of central and spinal neural network circuits , 1992 .

[117]  T. Milner Contribution of geometry and joint stiffness to mechanical stability of the human arm , 2002, Experimental Brain Research.

[118]  R L Lieber,et al.  Sarcomere length operating range of vertebrate muscles during movement. , 2001, The Journal of experimental biology.

[119]  M. Kawato,et al.  Virtual trajectory and stiffness ellipse during multijoint arm movement predicted by neural inverse models , 2005, Biological Cybernetics.

[120]  A. G. Feldman,et al.  The timing of control signals underlying fast point-to-point arm movements , 2001, Experimental Brain Research.

[121]  T. Flash,et al.  The control of hand equilibrium trajectories in multi-joint arm movements , 1987, Biological Cybernetics.

[122]  G L Gottlieb,et al.  Rejecting the equilibrium-point hypothesis. , 1998, Motor control.

[123]  Jacques Droulez,et al.  Does the brain use sliding variables for the control of movements? , 1997, Biological Cybernetics.

[124]  G. Gottlieb,et al.  EMG responses to an unexpected load in fast movements are delayed with an increase in the expected movement time. , 2004, Journal of neurophysiology.

[125]  M. Bobbert,et al.  The unique action of bi-articular muscles in complex movements. , 1987, Journal of anatomy.

[126]  David J. Ostry,et al.  Compensation for loads during arm movements using equilibrium-point control , 2000, Experimental Brain Research.

[127]  A. G. Feldman Once more on the equilibrium-point hypothesis (lambda model) for motor control. , 1986, Journal of motor behavior.

[128]  A. Monster,et al.  Isometric force production by motor units of extensor digitorum communis muscle in man. , 1977, Journal of neurophysiology.

[129]  J. Hay,et al.  Human Strength Curves , 1984, Exercise and sport sciences reviews.

[130]  Stephen H. Smith,et al.  Calcium, cross-bridges, and the Frank-Starling relationship. , 2001, News in physiological sciences : an international journal of physiology produced jointly by the International Union of Physiological Sciences and the American Physiological Society.

[131]  Li-Qun Zhang,et al.  Simultaneous and nonlinear identification of mechanical and reflex properties of human elbow joint muscles , 1997, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.