Developments in connected and automated vehicles

Connected and Automated Vehicle (CAV) technologies are a natural extension of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) initiatives that started in the early 1980s as a result of major advancements in the communication and computation areas. In the United States, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) generated the Automated Highway System (AHS) program (FHWA, 1994) and a concept demonstration in 1997 that was held in San Diego, California (FHWA, 1997). However, the major push forward in the area of connected vehicles happened with the proliferation of GPS-enabled in-vehicle navigation devices combined with mobile communication technologies in the 2000s. Around the same time, USDOT has recognized the potential of connected vehicles being able to communicate with each other as well as with the infrastructure and created a number of programs to expedite the deployment of such technologies (ITS JPO, 2017). Although the primary focus of USDOT’s connected vehicles program has been in safety applications aimed at reducing crashes on roadways, such technologies also have the clear potential of reducing congestion and improving mobility. The combination of all these potential benefits promised by emerging connected vehicle technologies attracted the attention of private sector, especially car makers and technology companies (The Economist, 2009). Connected vehicle technologies also fueled the emergence of a new generation of technology companies that are based on the concept of “mobility as a service.” This concept is bringing completely newbusiness models to the transportationmarket with the understanding of the change in the trends in the mobility industry (Viereckl, Ahlemann, & Koster, 2016). More recently, advances inmachine learning, e.g., deep learning, and computation made it possible to develop