Redundancy effect on retention of vocabulary words using multimedia presentation

This study was designed to examine the effect of the redundancy principle in a multimediapresentation constructed for foreign language vocabulary learning on undergraduate students’retention. During the experiment, students received a multimedia presentation on Turkishvocabulary and answered questions on retention test. Some students received animation, con-current narration and concurrent text (ANT group); other students received only animation andconcurrent narration (AN group). According to the