“Undemocracy”: inequalities in science

Inequality, an intrinsic feature of science, has trended upward in recent years In recent years, academic scholarship and public discourse have become increasingly preoccupied with social and economic inequality, which has risen in many countries. It is surprising that more attention has not been paid to the large, changing inequalities in the world of scientific research. I suggest that although the basic structure of inequalities in science has remained unchanged, their intensities and mechanisms may have been altered by recent forces of globalization and internet technology.

[1]  Stephen Cole,et al.  Social Stratification in Science , 1974 .

[2]  Ronald G. Ehrenberg,et al.  Studying Ourselves: The Academic Labor Market , 2002, Journal of Labor Economics.

[3]  D. Murphey,et al.  The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century , 2006 .

[4]  R. Frank,et al.  The Winner-Take-All Society , 1995 .

[5]  Jonathan R. Cole,et al.  The Great American University: Its Rise to Preeminence, Its Indispensable National Role, Why It Must Be Protected , 2010 .

[6]  L. McCall The New Geography of Global Income Inequality , 2004 .

[7]  Harriet Zuckerman,et al.  Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States: , 1979 .

[8]  L. Mosley,et al.  The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century , 2005 .

[9]  Norman Kaplan,et al.  The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations , 1974 .

[10]  Yu Xie,et al.  Is American Science in Decline , 2012 .

[11]  Óscar Rodríguez-Ruiz,et al.  The citation indexes and the quantification of knowledge , 2009 .

[12]  R. Merton Priorities in scientific discovery: A chapter in the sociology of science. , 1957 .

[13]  D. Price Little Science, Big Science , 1965 .

[14]  J. S. Long,et al.  DEPARTMENTAL EFFECTS ON SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY , 1990 .

[15]  E. Lazear,et al.  Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts , 1979, Journal of Political Economy.

[16]  William G. Vanderbok The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century , 2005 .

[17]  D. King The scientific impact of nations , 2004, Nature.

[18]  R. Merton,et al.  The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations , 1975, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion.

[19]  Paula E. Stephan How Economics Shapes Science , 2012 .

[20]  Galina F. Gordukalova : Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States , 1997 .

[21]  稔 杉田,et al.  The winner take all , 2002 .

[22]  Michael L. Bognanno,et al.  Do Tournaments Have Incentive Effects? , 1988, Journal of Political Economy.