Control of mental activities by internal models in the cerebellum

The intricate neuronal circuitry of the cerebellum is thought to encode internal models that reproduce the dynamic properties of body parts. These models are essential for controlling the movement of these body parts: they allow the brain to precisely control the movement without the need for sensory feedback. It is thought that the cerebellum might also encode internal models that reproduce the essential properties of mental representations in the cerebral cortex. This hypothesis suggests a possible mechanism by which intuition and implicit thought might function and explains some of the symptoms that are exhibited by psychiatric patients. This article examines the conceptual bases and experimental evidence for this hypothesis.

[1]  K. J. Craik,et al.  The nature of explanation , 1944 .

[2]  W. Penfield,et al.  THE BRAIN'S RECORD OF AUDITORY AND VISUAL EXPERIENCE. A FINAL SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION. , 1963, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[3]  Hilla Peretz,et al.  Ju n 20 03 Schrödinger ’ s Cat : The rules of engagement , 2003 .

[4]  D. Marr.  A theory of cerebellar cortex , 1969, The Journal of physiology.

[5]  M Ito,et al.  Neurophysiological aspects of the cerebellar motor control system. , 1970, International journal of neurology.

[6]  J. Albus.  A Theory of Cerebellar Function , 1971 .

[7]  M. Riklan,et al.  A psychometric study of chronic cerebellar stimulation in man. , 1976, Biological psychiatry.

[8]  P. Johnson-Laird.  Mental models , 1989 .

[9]  Masao Ito.  The Cerebellum And Neural Control , 1984 .

[10]  Masao Ito,et al.  Eye field in the cerebellar flocculus of pigmented rabbits determined with local electrical stimulation , 1985, Neuroscience Research.

[11]  N. Geschwind,et al.  Developmental dyslexia: Four consecutive patients with cortical anomalies , 1985, Annals of neurology.

[12]  A. L. Leiner,et al.  Does the cerebellum contribute to mental skills? , 1986, Behavioral neuroscience.

[13]  D. Pandya,et al.  Anatomical investigation of projections to the basis pontis from posterior parietal association cortices in rhesus monkey , 1989, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[14]  C. Koch,et al.  Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness , 1990 .

[15]  M. Ito.  A new physiological concept on cerebellum. , 1990, Revue neurologique.

[16]  J. Schmahmann.  An emerging concept. The cerebellar contribution to higher function. , 1991, Archives of neurology.

[17]  Herbert A. Simon,et al.  The game of chess , 1992 .

[18]  S. Petersen,et al.  Impaired non-motor learning and error detection associated with cerebellar damage. A single case study. , 1992, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[19]  Masao Ito.  Movement and thought: identical control mechanisms by the cerebellum , 1993, Trends in Neurosciences.

[20]  A. L. Leiner,et al.  Cognitive and language functions of the human cerebellum , 1993, Trends in Neurosciences.

[21]  M. Kawato,et al.  Inverse-dynamics model eye movement control by Purkinje cells in the cerebellum , 1993, Nature.

[22]  D Le Bihan,et al.  Activation of human primary visual cortex during visual recall: a magnetic resonance imaging study. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  D. Wolpert,et al.  Is the cerebellum a smith predictor? , 1993, Journal of motor behavior.

[24]  D. Ralston.  Corticorubral synaptic organization in Macaca fascicularis: A study utilizing degeneration, anterograde transport of WGA‐HRP, and combined immuno‐GABA‐gold technique and computer‐assisted reconstruction , 1994, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[25]  N. Schmajuk,et al.  Latent inhibition: a neural network approach. , 1996, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[26]  S. Petersen,et al.  PET activation of posterior temporal regions during auditory word presentation and verb generation. , 1996, Cerebral cortex.

[27]  Keiji Tanaka,et al.  Inferotemporal cortex and object vision. , 1996, Annual review of neuroscience.

[28]  R. Dolan,et al.  Neural systems engaged by planning: a PET study of the Tower of London task , 1996, Neuropsychologia.

[29]  R. Desimone,et al.  Neural Mechanisms of Visual Working Memory in Prefrontal Cortex of the Macaque , 1996, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[30]  Edward E. Smith,et al.  Working Memory: A View from Neuroimaging , 1997, Cognitive Psychology.

[31]  J. Fuster.  The Prefrontal Cortex , 1997 .

[32]  N. Donegan,et al.  A model of Pavlovian eyelid conditioning based on the synaptic organization of the cerebellum. , 1997, Learning & memory.

[33]  J. Desmond,et al.  Lobular Patterns of Cerebellar Activation in Verbal Working-Memory and Finger-Tapping Tasks as Revealed by Functional MRI , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[34]  J. Stein,et al.  To see but not to read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia , 1997, Trends in Neurosciences.

[35]  David L. Sheinberg,et al.  The role of temporal cortical areas in perceptual organization. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[36]  A. Miyake,et al.  Models of Working Memory , 1997 .

[37]  長濱康弘,et al.  Cerebral activation during performance of a Card Sorting Test(カード分類検査の実行中に観察される大脳の賦活部位) , 1997 .

[38]  Edward T. Bullmore,et al.  Prefrontal Cortex Involvement in Selective Letter Generation: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study , 1998, Cortex.

[39]  D. Wolpert,et al.  Internal models in the cerebellum , 1998, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[40]  Y. Miyashita,et al.  Callosal window between prefrontal cortices: cognitive interaction to retrieve long-term memory. , 1998, Science.

[41]  H. Lenard,et al.  Cerebellar mutism syndrome , 1998, Klinische Padiatrie.

[42]  D. Wolpert,et al.  Central cancellation of self-produced tickle sensation , 1998, Nature Neuroscience.

[43]  D M Wolpert,et al.  Multiple paired forward and inverse models for motor control , 1998, Neural Networks.

[44]  H. Rusinek,et al.  Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity in a verbal fluency task , 1998, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[45]  A. Baddeley,et al.  Working Memory: The multiple-component model , 1999 .

[46]  M. Molinari,et al.  Phonological grouping is specifically affected in cerebellar patients: a verbal fluency study , 2000, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[47]  P. Matthews,et al.  Learning about pain: the neural substrate of the prediction error for aversive events. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[48]  S. Blakemore,et al.  The perception of self-produced sensory stimuli in patients with auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences: evidence for a breakdown in self-monitoring , 2000, Psychological Medicine.

[49]  C. Darian‐Smith,et al.  Macaque red nucleus: Origins of spinal and olivary projections and terminations of cortical inputs , 2000, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[50]  C. Darian‐Smith,et al.  Geometry of rubrospinal, rubroolivary, and local circuit neurons in the macaque red nucleus , 2000, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[51]  Ruth A. Carper,et al.  Inverse correlation between frontal lobe and cerebellum sizes in children with autism. , 2000, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[52]  A. Diamond.  Close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and of the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex. , 2000, Child development.

[53]  Roderick I. Nicolson,et al.  Eyeblink conditioning indicates cerebellar abnormality in dyslexia , 2002, Experimental Brain Research.

[54]  M. Ito,et al.  Cerebellar long-term depression: characterization, signal transduction, and functional roles. , 2001, Physiological reviews.

[55]  S. Kosslyn,et al.  Neural foundations of imagery , 2001, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[56]  Michel Denis,et al.  Imagery, language, and visuo-spatial thinking , 2001 .

[57]  E. Miller,et al.  An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. , 2001, Annual review of neuroscience.

[58]  Y. Yamane,et al.  Complex objects are represented in macaque inferotemporal cortex by the combination of feature columns , 2001, Nature Neuroscience.

[59]  W. T. Thach,et al.  Role of the Posterolateral Cerebellum in Language , 2002, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[60]  G. Hesslow.  Conscious thought as simulation of behaviour and perception , 2002, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[61]  John S. Barlow,et al.  Cerebellum and Adaptive Control , 2002 .

[62]  D. Stuss,et al.  Principles of frontal lobe function , 2002 .

[63]  D. Wegner.  The Illusion of Conscious Will , 2018, The MIT Press.

[64]  R. Deuel.  Autism: a cognitive developmental riddle. , 2002, Pediatric neurology.

[65]  C Martin-Ruiz,et al.  Nicotinic receptor abnormalities in the cerebellar cortex in autism. , 2002, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[66]  K. Doya,et al.  A unifying computational framework for motor control and social interaction. , 2003, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[67]  P. Strick,et al.  An unfolded map of the cerebellar dentate nucleus and its projections to the cerebral cortex. , 2003, Journal of neurophysiology.

[68]  Sheng He,et al.  A functional MRI study of high-level cognition. I. The game of chess. , 2003, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[69]  Takashi Hanakawa,et al.  Neural correlates underlying mental calculation in abacus experts: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study , 2003, NeuroImage.

[70]  Zhihao Li,et al.  A functional MRI study of high-level cognition. II. The game of GO. , 2003, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[71]  Richard F. Thompson,et al.  Neural substrates of eyeblink conditioning: acquisition and retention. , 2003, Learning & memory.

[72]  Eric Courchesne,et al.  Differential effects of developmental cerebellar abnormality on cognitive and motor functions in the cerebellum: an fMRI study of autism. , 2003, The American journal of psychiatry.

[73]  S. Blakemore,et al.  Action prediction in the cerebellum and in the parietal lobe , 2003, Experimental Brain Research.

[74]  P. Strick,et al.  Cerebellar Loops with Motor Cortex and Prefrontal Cortex of a Nonhuman Primate , 2003, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[75]  A. Baddeley.  Working memory: looking back and looking forward , 2003, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[76]  Sheng He,et al.  A functional MRI study of high-level cognition , 2003 .

[77]  Christof Koch,et al.  Consciousness and Neurosurgery , 2004, Neurosurgery.

[78]  Masao Ito.  ‘Nurturing the brain’ as an emerging research field involving child neurology , 2004, Brain and Development.

[79]  D. Stuss,et al.  Development of orbitofrontal function: Current themes and future directions , 2004, Brain and Cognition.

[80]  Donovan Hulse,et al.  Consciousness and the will , 2004 .

[81]  Yasushi Miyashita,et al.  Cognitive Memory: Cellular and Network Machineries and Their Top-Down Control , 2004, Science.

[82]  J. Schmahmann,et al.  Disorders of the cerebellum: ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. , 2004, The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[83]  K. Sasaki,et al.  Electrophysiological studies on the cerebellocerebral projections in monkeys , 1976, Experimental Brain Research.

[84]  M. Fujita,et al.  Adaptive filter model of the cerebellum , 1982, Biological Cybernetics.

[85]  K. Doya,et al.  Cerebellar aminergic neuromodulation: towards a functional understanding , 2004, Brain Research Reviews.

[86]  P. Thuras,et al.  Purkinje Cell Size Is Reduced in Cerebellum of Patients with Autism , 2002, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology.

[87]  M. Kawato,et al.  A hierarchical neural-network model for control and learning of voluntary movement , 2004, Biological Cybernetics.

[88]  Hiroyuki Narita,et al.  Psychomotor retardation correlates with frontal hypoperfusion and the Modified Stroop Test in patients with major depression under 60‐years‐old , 2004 .

[89]  K. Jinnai,et al.  The parieto-rubro-olivary pathway in the cat , 1979, Experimental Brain Research.

[90]  Mark S. Seidenberg,et al.  Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in developmental dyslexia , 2005, Nature Neuroscience.

[91]  Christopher K. I. Williams.  How to Pretend That Correlated Variables Are Independent by Using Difference Observations , 2005, Neural Computation.

[92]  M. Garwicz,et al.  Anatomical and physiological foundations of cerebellar information processing , 2005, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[93]  Tadashi Yamazaki,et al.  Neural Modeling of an Internal Clock , 2005, Neural Computation.

[94]  Dottie M. Clower,et al.  Basal ganglia and cerebellar inputs to 'AIP'. , 2005, Cerebral cortex.

[95]  Masao Ito.  Bases and implications of learning in the cerebellum--adaptive control and internal model mechanism. , 2005, Progress in brain research.

[96]  Daniel M. Merfeld,et al.  Internal models: the state of the art , 2005 .

[97]  Iwona Stepniewska,et al.  Ipsilateral cortical connections of motor, premotor, frontal eye, and posterior parietal fields in a prosimian primate, Otolemur garnetti , 2005, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[98]  J. Lisman,et al.  The Hippocampal-VTA Loop: Controlling the Entry of Information into Long-Term Memory , 2005, Neuron.

[99]  Carsten Held,et al.  Mental models and the mind : current developments in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy of mind , 2006 .

[100]  Jane S. Paulsen,et al.  Prism adaptation in schizophrenia , 2006, Brain and Cognition.

[101]  T. Ebner,et al.  Force field effects on cerebellar Purkinje cell discharge with implications for internal models , 2006, Nature Neuroscience.

[102]  C. Caltagirone,et al.  Repetitive TMS of cerebellum interferes with millisecond time processing , 2007, Experimental Brain Research.

[103]  Masao Ito.  Cerebellar circuitry as a neuronal machine , 2006, Progress in Neurobiology.

[104]  Catherine J. Stoodley,et al.  Balancing and pointing tasks in dyslexic and control adults. , 2006, Dyslexia.

[105]  C. Winter,et al.  Frontal Executive Impairment Associated With Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration: A Case Study , 2006, Neurocase.

[106]  D. Marple-Horvat,et al.  Purkinje cells in the lateral cerebellum of the cat encode visual events and target motion during visually guided reaching , 2006, The Journal of physiology.

[107]  N. Ramnani.  The primate cortico-cerebellar system: anatomy and function , 2006, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[108]  K. Szpunar,et al.  Neural substrates of envisioning the future , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[109]  Tadashi Yamazaki,et al.  The cerebellum as a liquid state machine , 2007, Neural Networks.

[110]  M. Kawato,et al.  Encoding of movement dynamics by Purkinje cell simple spike activity during fast arm movements under resistive and assistive force fields. , 2007, Journal of neurophysiology.

[111]  Teiichi Furuichi,et al.  Autistic-like phenotypes in Cadps2-knockout mice and aberrant CADPS2 splicing in autistic patients. , 2007, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[112]  S. Itohara,et al.  Impaired Cerebellar Development and Function in Mice Lacking CAPS2, a Protein Involved in Neurotrophin Release , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[113]  Narender Ramnani,et al.  Cerebellar contributions to working memory , 2007, NeuroImage.

[114]  L. Vandervert,et al.  How Working Memory and the Cerebellum Collaborate to Produce Creativity and Innovation , 2007 .