Phosphorus‐Based Materials as the Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

As a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have recently attracted considerable attention. Enormous effort has been devoted to investigations on the development of suitable active materials in order to improve the energy density of SIBs and give them significant cycling stability. Among the reported anode materials, phosphorus-based materials have been recognized as a major group of promising anode materials, due to the high theoretical capacity of P (2596 mA h g−1) and the abundance of P rock resources. Here, the current progress on P-based anode materials is summarized, including elemental P (red/black phosphorus) and metal phosphides (Co–P, Cu–P, Fe–P, Ni–P, Se–P, Sn–P, Ge–P), and challenges and perspectives are highlighted in order to provide guidance for future research in related areas. Typical articles are also selected as specific examples, elaborating the advances in materials preparation techniques/approaches and in the structural design of P-based materials.

[1]  Seung M. Oh,et al.  An Amorphous Red Phosphorus/Carbon Composite as a Promising Anode Material for Sodium Ion Batteries , 2013, Advanced materials.

[2]  Yong‐Mook Kang,et al.  A reduced graphene oxide-encapsulated phosphorus/carbon composite as a promising anode material for high-performance sodium-ion batteries , 2017 .

[3]  Farzad Mashayek,et al.  Selective Ionic Transport Pathways in Phosphorene. , 2016, Nano letters.

[4]  H. Oji,et al.  Phosphorus Electrodes in Sodium Cells: Small Volume Expansion by Sodiation and the Surface‐Stabilization Mechanism in Aprotic Solvent , 2014 .

[5]  Shu-Lei Chou,et al.  Simply mixed commercial red phosphorus and carbon nanotube composite with exceptionally reversible sodium-ion storage. , 2013, Nano letters.

[6]  Q. Yang,et al.  Ni₁₂P₅ nanoparticles decorated on carbon nanotubes with enhanced electrocatalytic and lithium storage properties. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[7]  S. Dou,et al.  A new, cheap, and productive FeP anode material for sodium-ion batteries. , 2015, Chemical communications.

[8]  Haoshen Zhou,et al.  Highly reversible sodium storage in a GeP5/C composite anode with large capacity and low voltage , 2017 .

[9]  Zhiqiang Gao,et al.  Improving the Specific Capacity and Cyclability of Sodium‐Ion Batteries by Engineering a Dual‐Carbon Phase‐Modified Amorphous and Mesoporous Iron Phosphide , 2016 .

[10]  Xinping Ai,et al.  High Capacity and Rate Capability of Amorphous Phosphorus for Sodium Ion BatterieslSUPg†l/SUPg , 2013 .

[11]  Yanguang Li,et al.  Nanostructured CuP2/C composites as high-performance anode materials for sodium ion batteries , 2015 .

[12]  Xiulin Fan,et al.  Superior reversible tin phosphide-carbon spheres for sodium ion battery anode , 2017 .

[13]  Longwei Yin,et al.  Core-shell structured CoP/FeP porous microcubes interconnected by reduced graphene oxide as high performance anodes for sodium ion batteries , 2017 .

[14]  Yan Yu,et al.  Confined Amorphous Red Phosphorus in MOF‐Derived N‐Doped Microporous Carbon as a Superior Anode for Sodium‐Ion Battery , 2017, Advanced materials.

[15]  Jinkui Feng,et al.  A controlled red phosphorus@Ni–P core@shell nanostructure as an ultralong cycle-life and superior high-rate anode for sodium-ion batteries , 2017 .

[16]  Xiulin Fan,et al.  Superior Stable Self‐Healing SnP3 Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries , 2015 .

[17]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  A phosphorene-graphene hybrid material as a high-capacity anode for sodium-ion batteries. , 2015, Nature nanotechnology.

[18]  Zhaoqiang Li,et al.  Low‐Temperature Solution‐Based Phosphorization Reaction Route to Sn4P3/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrids as Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries , 2016 .

[19]  Jia-ling Wang,et al.  A phosphorus/N-doped carbon nanofiber composite as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries , 2015 .

[20]  Y. Bando,et al.  Amorphous Phosphorus/Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Paper for Ultrastable Sodium-Ion Batteries. , 2016, Nano letters.

[21]  S. Elliott,et al.  Pressure dependence of the electrical conductivity of amorphous red phosphorus , 1981 .

[22]  L. Shaw,et al.  Advances and challenges of sodium ion batteries as post lithium ion batteries , 2015 .

[23]  Na Xu,et al.  Half‐Cell and Full‐Cell Applications of Highly Stable and Binder‐Free Sodium Ion Batteries Based on Cu3P Nanowire Anodes , 2016 .

[24]  Jianjun Li,et al.  Nano-structured phosphorus composite as high-capacity anode materials for lithium batteries. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[25]  M. Dahbi,et al.  Iron phosphide as negative electrode material for Na-ion batteries , 2016 .

[26]  Xiulei Ji,et al.  Potassium Secondary Batteries. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[27]  P. Bruce,et al.  Nanomaterials for rechargeable lithium batteries. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[28]  Xuan Cao,et al.  Red Phosphorus Nanodots on Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Flexible and Ultra-Fast Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries. , 2017, ACS nano.

[29]  P. W. Bridgman.  TWO NEW MODIFICATIONS OF PHOSPHORUS. , 1914 .

[30]  P. Liu,et al.  A review of carbon materials and their composites with alloy metals for sodium ion battery anodes , 2016 .

[31]  Huakun Liu,et al.  Cobalt phosphide as a new anode material for sodium storage , 2015 .

[32]  Yan Yu,et al.  Crystalline red phosphorus incorporated with porous carbon nanofibers as flexible electrode for high performance lithium-ion batteries , 2014 .

[33]  Kai Zhang,et al.  Recent Advances and Prospects of Cathode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries , 2015, Advanced materials.

[34]  J. Liang,et al.  Phosphorus Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Graphene Scrolls as a High‐Performance Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries , 2015 .

[35]  Liangbing Hu,et al.  Phase pure Sn4P3 nanotops by solution-liquid-solid growth for anode application in sodium ion batteries , 2017 .

[36]  Lin Gu,et al.  Amorphous Red Phosphorus Embedded in Highly Ordered Mesoporous Carbon with Superior Lithium and Sodium Storage Capacity. , 2016, Nano letters.

[37]  Marc D. Walter,et al.  Inexpensive Antimony Nanocrystals and Their Composites with Red Phosphorus as High-Performance Anode Materials for Na-ion Batteries , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[38]  S. Yao,et al.  Recent progress in rational design of anode materials for high-performance Na-ion batteries , 2017 .

[39]  F. Favier,et al.  Activated-phosphorus as new electrode material for Li-ion batteries , 2011 .

[40]  A. Glushenkov,et al.  Stable anode performance of an Sb–carbon nanocomposite in lithium-ion batteries and the effect of ball milling mode in the course of its preparation , 2014 .

[41]  Koichi Yamashita,et al.  Black Phosphorus as a High-Capacity, High-Capability Negative Electrode for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Investigation of the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface , 2016 .

[42]  Hyun-Wook Lee,et al.  Carbothermic reduction synthesis of red phosphorus-filled 3D carbon material as a high-capacity anode for sodium ion batteries , 2016 .

[43]  A. Manthiram,et al.  The facile synthesis and enhanced sodium-storage performance of a chemically bonded CuP2/C hybrid anode. , 2016, Chemical communications.

[44]  Y. Maruyama,et al.  Synthesis and some properties of black phosphorus single crystals , 1981 .

[45]  Gerbrand Ceder,et al.  Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Potential Alternatives to Current Lithium‐Ion Batteries , 2012 .

[46]  R. Hu,et al.  A ZnGeP2/C anode for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries , 2017 .

[47]  D. Choi,et al.  Chemically bonded phosphorus/graphene hybrid as a high performance anode for sodium-ion batteries. , 2014, Nano letters.

[48]  Huakun Liu,et al.  Ball-milled FeP/graphite as a low-cost anode material for the sodium-ion battery , 2015 .

[49]  Abdullah M. Asiri,et al.  Self-supported Cu3P nanowire arrays as an integrated high-performance three-dimensional cathode for generating hydrogen from water. , 2014, Angewandte Chemie.

[50]  H. Krebs,et al.  Über die Struktur und Eigenschaften der Halbmetalle. VIII. Die katalytische Darstellung des schwarzen Phosphors , 1955 .

[51]  Xinping Ai,et al.  Synergistic Na-storage reactions in Sn4P3 as a high-capacity, cycle-stable anode of Na-ion batteries. , 2014, Nano letters.

[52]  Tao Gao,et al.  Red phosphorus-single-walled carbon nanotube composite as a superior anode for sodium ion batteries. , 2015, ACS nano.

[53]  Shuling Liu,et al.  Solvothermal preparation of tin phosphide as a long-life anode for advanced lithium and sodium ion batteries , 2016 .

[54]  Hongyu Guan,et al.  Porous Amorphous Co2P/N,B‐Co‐doped Carbon Composite as an Improved Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries , 2017 .

[55]  P. Schmidt,et al.  Au3SnP7@black phosphorus: an easy access to black phosphorus. , 2007, Inorganic chemistry.

[56]  Qing Zhao,et al.  Selenium Phosphide (Se4P4) as a New and Promising Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries , 2017 .

[57]  Bing-Joe Hwang,et al.  An ultrafast rechargeable aluminium-ion battery , 2015, Nature.

[58]  Yongil Kim,et al.  Tin Phosphide as a Promising Anode Material for Na‐Ion Batteries , 2014, Advanced materials.

[59]  Huaiguo Xue,et al.  Advances in Transition‐Metal Phosphide Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Catalysis , 2017 .

[60]  Huisheng Peng,et al.  Advanced Sodium Ion Battery Anode Constructed via Chemical Bonding between Phosphorus, Carbon Nanotube, and Cross-Linked Polymer Binder. , 2015, ACS nano.

[61]  Jun Liu,et al.  Uniform yolk–shell Sn4P3@C nanospheres as high-capacity and cycle-stable anode materials for sodium-ion batteries , 2015 .

[62]  Yang Zheng,et al.  Integrated Carbon/Red Phosphorus/Graphene Aerogel 3D Architecture via Advanced Vapor‐Redistribution for High‐Energy Sodium‐Ion Batteries , 2016 .

[63]  Ping Jiang,et al.  A cost-effective 3D hydrogen evolution cathode with high catalytic activity: FeP nanowire array as the active phase. , 2014, Angewandte Chemie.

[64]  R. Hultgren,et al.  The Atomic Distribution in Red and Black Phosphorus and the Crystal Structure of Black Phosphorus , 1935 .

[65]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  Formation of stable phosphorus-carbon bond for enhanced performance in black phosphorus nanoparticle-graphite composite battery anodes. , 2014, Nano letters.

[66]  H. Sohn,et al.  Black Phosphorus and its Composite for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries , 2007 .

[67]  S. Dou,et al.  Sn4+xP3 @ Amorphous Sn‐P Composites as Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries with Low Cost, High Capacity, Long Life, and Superior Rate Capability , 2014, Advanced materials.

[68]  Donghan Kim,et al.  Sodium‐Ion Batteries , 2013 .

[69]  Laure Monconduit,et al.  NiP3: a promising negative electrode for Li- and Na-ion batteries , 2014 .

[70]  Longwei Yin,et al.  Metal-organic frameworks derived porous core/shellCoP@C polyhedrons anchored on 3D reduced graphene oxide networks as anode for sodium-ion battery , 2017 .