The Tendons of Todaro and the “Triangle of Koch”:

Todaro's Tendons and the “Triangle of Koch.”Introduction: There is growing use of the Todaro tendon and triangle of Koch as anatomic icons for invasive cardiac electrophysiologists. Reasons exist to doubt this validity.

[1]  S. Ho,et al.  Mahaim, Kent and abnormal atrioventricular conduction. , 1996, Cardiovascular research.

[2]  S. Ho,et al.  Clinical anatomy of the atrioventricular junctions. , 1994, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[3]  T. N. James,et al.  Anatomy of the sinus node, AV node and os cordis of the beef heart , 1965, The Anatomical record.

[4]  D. Wilber,et al.  Retrograde fast pathway ablation for atrioventricular nodal reentry associated with markedly prolonged PR intervals. , 1999, The American journal of cardiology.

[5]  M. Hocini,et al.  Origin of Heat‐Induced Accelerated Junctional Rhythm , 1998, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[6]  R N Hauer,et al.  LocaLisa: new technique for real-time 3-dimensional localization of regular intracardiac electrodes. , 1999, Circulation.

[7]  T. N. James,et al.  Fine structure of the conduction system and working myocardium in the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus. , 1976, Recent advances in studies on cardiac structure and metabolism.

[8]  D. Wilber,et al.  Retrograde fast pathway ablation for atrioventricular nodal reentry associated with markedly prolonged PR intervals , 1999 .

[9]  J M de Bakker,et al.  Anisotropic conduction in the triangle of Koch of mammalian hearts: electrophysiologic and anatomic correlations. , 1998, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[10]  H. Calkins,et al.  Catheter ablation of accessory pathways, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, and the atrioventricular junction: final results of a prospective, multicenter clinical trial. The Atakr Multicenter Investigators Group. , 1999, Circulation.

[11]  T. N. James,et al.  STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE AV JUNCTION , 1983 .

[12]  F. Meijler,et al.  Anatomy of the sinus node, av node, and his bundle of the heart of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), with a note on the absence of an os cordis , 1995, The Anatomical record.

[13]  H Calkins,et al.  Catheter ablation for cardiac arrhythmias , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[14]  Peter J. Scambler,et al.  Development of the Heart , 2019, Pathology of Heart Disease in the Fetus, Infant and Child.

[15]  T. N. James,et al.  Anatomy of the Cardiac Conduction System in the Rabbit , 1967, Circulation research.

[16]  C. Kuo,et al.  Characterization of atrioventricular nodal reentry with continuous atrioventricular node conduction curve by double atrial extrastimulation. , 1999, Circulation.

[17]  Walter. Koch,et al.  Der funktionelle Bau des menschlichen Herzens , 1922 .

[18]  T. N. James,et al.  Anatomy of the crista supraventricularis: its importance for understanding right ventricular function, right ventricular infarction and related conditions. , 1985, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[19]  A. Becker,et al.  The human atrioventricular junctional area. A morphological study of the A-V node and bundle. , 1975, European journal of cardiology.

[20]  A. Martinez-Pozo,et al.  Development of the tendon of todaro during the human embryonic and fetal periods , 1994, The Anatomical record.

[21]  R. Winkle,et al.  Comparison of pre- and postoperative conduction patterns in patients surgically cured of atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia. , 1991, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[22]  L. Rossi.  Interatrial, internodal, and dual reentrant atrioventricular nodal pathways: an anatomical update of arrhythmogenic substrates. , 1996, Cardiologia.

[23]  J. Hood,et al.  Anatomy of the coronary arteries. , 1973, Seminars in roentgenology.

[24]  Wen-Chung Yu,et al.  Dimension and Related Anatomical Distance of Koch's Triangle in Patients with Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia , 1996, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[25]  W. Fisher,et al.  Adjunctive intracardiac echocardiography to guide slow pathway ablation in human atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: anatomic insights. , 1997, Circulation.

[26]  T. N. James,et al.  Anatomy of the human sinus node , 1961, The Anatomical record.

[27]  A. Krahn,et al.  Progressive anterior ablation in the coronary sinus region: evidence to support the presence of a 'slow pathway' input in normal patients? , 1997, Circulation.

[28]  C. Tai,et al.  AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia with Unusual Characteristics: , 1998, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[29]  M. Josephson,et al.  Origin of junctional rhythm during radiofrequency ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in patients without structural heart disease. , 1997, The American journal of cardiology.

[30]  S. Viskin,et al.  Catheter-induced mechanical trauma to accessory pathways during radiofrequency ablation: incidence, predictors and clinical implications. , 1999, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[31]  P. Yock,et al.  Radiofrequency catheter ablation guided by intracardiac echocardiography. , 1994, Circulation.

[32]  A E Becker,et al.  Anatomic and functional characteristics of a slow posterior AV nodal pathway: role in dual-pathway physiology and reentry. , 1998, Circulation.

[33]  T. N. James,et al.  Morphology of the human atrioventricular node, with remarks pertinent to its electrophysiology. , 1961, American heart journal.

[34]  J. Olgin,et al.  Pathological Findings Following Slow Pathway Ablation for AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia , 1996, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[35]  A Keith,et al.  The Form and Nature of the Muscular Connections between the Primary Divisions of the Vertebrate Heart. , 1907, Journal of anatomy and physiology.

[36]  S. Ho,et al.  The Architecture of the Sinus Node, the Atrioventricular Conduction Axis, and the Internodal Atrial Myocardium , 1998, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[37]  A. Becker,et al.  Posterior extensions of the human compact atrioventricular node: a neglected anatomic feature of potential clinical significance. , 1998, Circulation.

[38]  J. Uther,et al.  Dimensions of the triangle of Koch in humans. , 1992, The American journal of cardiology.

[39]  C. Goldberg,et al.  The dimensions of the triangle of Koch in children. , 1999, The American journal of cardiology.

[40]  Z. Vobořil.  Todaro's tendon in the heart. I. Todaro's tendon in the normal human heart. , 1967, Folia Morphologica.

[41]  P. Tchou,et al.  Relation of the Atrial Input Sites to the Dual Atrioventricular Nodal Pathways: , 1997, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[42]  R. Sung,et al.  Multiple Atrioventricular Nodal Pathways in Humans: , 1998, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[43]  J. Bourke,et al.  High resolution mapping of Koch's triangle using sixty electrodes in humans with atrioventricular junctional (AV nodal) reentrant tachycardia. , 1993, Circulation.

[44]  T. James.  A useful landmark for interpreting angiocardiograms. , 1962, Radiology.

[45]  H. Wellens,et al.  Catheter Ablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias , 1999, Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine.

[46]  J. Olgin,et al.  Role of right atrial endocardial structures as barriers to conduction during human type I atrial flutter. Activation and entrainment mapping guided by intracardiac echocardiography. , 1995, Circulation.

[47]  Robert H. Anderson,et al.  The Architecture of the Atrial Musculature Between the Orifice of the Inferior Caval Vein and the Tricuspid Valve: The Anatomy of the Isthmus , 1998, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[48]  T. N. James,et al.  Anatomy of the A–V node of the dog , 1964, The Anatomical record.

[49]  T. N. James,et al.  THE CONNECTING PATHWAYS BETWEEN THE SINUS NODE AND A-V NODE AND BETWEEN THE RIGHT AND THE LEFT ATRIUM IN THE HUMAN HEART. , 1963, American heart journal.

[50]  B. Scherlag,et al.  Longitudinal dissociation within the posterior AV nodal input of the rabbit: a substrate for AV nodal reentry. , 1999, Circulation.

[51]  M. Josephson,et al.  Coronary sinus pacing prevents induction of atrial fibrillation. , 1996, Circulation.

[52]  S. Ho,et al.  Morphology of the Cardiac Conduction System in Patientswith Electrophysiologically Proven Dual Atrioventricular Nodal Pathways , 1993, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[53]  B. Lindsay,et al.  Histopathological Study Following Catheter Guided Radiofrequency Current Ablation of the Slow Pathway in a Patient with Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia , 1994, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[54]  D. Sánchez-Quintana,et al.  Architecture of the Atrial Musculature In and Around the Triangle of Koch: , 1997, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[55]  P. Fitzgerald,et al.  Intracardiac echocardiography during radiofrequency catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias in humans. , 1994, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[56]  S. Ho,et al.  The Architecture of the Atrioventricular Conduction Axis in Dog Compared to Man: , 1995, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[57]  J. Bourke,et al.  Electrophysiologic and histologic effects of dissection of the connections between the atrium and posterior part of the atrioventricular node. , 1994, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[58]  J. L. Huang,et al.  Characterization of low right atrial isthmus as the slow conduction zone and pharmacological target in typical atrial flutter. , 1997, Circulation.