Gender shifts in the history of English

Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Defining English gender 2. The gender shift in histories of English 3. A history of gender, people and pronouns: the story of generic he 4. Third-person pronouns in the gender shift: why is that ship a she? 5. Gender and asymmetrical word histories: when boys could be girls 6. Implications for non-sexist language reform Appendix 1. Background on early English personal pronouns Appendix 2. Helsinki corpus texts and methodology References Index.

[1]  R. Jakobson On linguistic aspects of translation , 2002, The Translation Studies Reader.

[2]  Fodor Istvan,et al.  The origin of grammatical gender , 1959 .

[3]  D. Spender Man Made Language , 1980 .

[4]  H. W. Fowler A Dictionary of Modern English Usage , 1926 .

[5]  Geneva Smitherman,et al.  Black Talk: Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner , 1994 .

[6]  G. Lakoff,et al.  Metaphors We Live By , 1980 .

[7]  Bernard Comrie,et al.  Grammatical Gender Systems: A Linguist's Assessment , 1999 .

[8]  P. Kitson On old English nouns of more than one gender , 1990 .

[9]  K. Swift,et al.  Words and Women , 1977 .

[10]  L. Bebout Asymmetries in Male/Female Word Pairs: A Decade of Change , 1995 .

[11]  J. Coates Women Talk: Conversation Between Women Friends , 1991 .

[12]  Suzanne Romaine Pidgin and Creole Languages , 1988 .

[13]  M. Samuels The great Scandinavian belt , 1985 .

[14]  R. Claiborne Our Marvelous Native Tongue: The Life and Times of the English Language , 1983 .

[15]  A. Livia Pronoun Envy: Literary Uses of Linguistic Gender , 2000 .

[16]  M. H. Ibrahim Grammatical Gender: Its Origin and Development , 1973 .

[17]  R. Huddleston Introduction to the Grammar of English: Verbs, nouns and adjectives: the boundaries between them , 1984 .

[18]  Dirk Geeraerts,et al.  Diachronic Prototype Semantics: A Contribution to Historical Lexicology , 1997 .

[19]  T. Widiger,et al.  Gender bias in the English language , 1999 .

[20]  P. Trudgill Dialect typology and social structure , 1992 .

[21]  Elizabeth Closs Traugott,et al.  A history of English syntax : a transformational approach to the history of English sentence structure , 1972 .

[22]  April M. S. McMahon,et al.  Understanding language change: Frontmatter , 1994 .

[23]  Ingo Plag Creolization and language change: a comparison , 1994 .

[24]  Ann Bodine,et al.  Androcentrism in prescriptive grammar: singular ‘they’, sex-indefinite ‘he’, and ‘he or she’ , 1975, Language in Society.

[25]  Richard M. Hogg,et al.  Phonology and Morphology , 1992 .

[26]  Bruce Mitchell,et al.  Old English Syntax , 1985 .

[27]  Merja Kytö,et al.  Manual to the diachronic part of the Helsinki Corpus of English texts : cording conventions and lists of source texts , 1993 .

[28]  M. Swanton An Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , 1975 .

[29]  C. Barber The English Language: A Historical Introduction , 1993 .

[30]  William Cobbett,et al.  A Grammar Of The English Language , 1818 .

[31]  Linda Bebout Asymmetries in Male-Female Word Pairs , 1984 .

[32]  Frederik Theodoor Visser,et al.  An Historical Syntax of the English Language , 2002 .

[33]  W. Martyna,et al.  Beyond the "He/Man" Approach: The Case for Nonsexist Language , 1980, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society.

[34]  G. Pullum,et al.  Order, Concord and Constituency , 1983 .

[35]  G. Lakoff,et al.  Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind , 1988 .

[36]  D. Crystal The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language , 1998 .

[37]  H. R. Harvey,et al.  Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics , 1990 .

[38]  M. L. Samuels Linguistic Evolution by M. L. Samuels , 1972 .

[39]  J. H. Fisher Chancery and the Emergence of Standard Written English in the Fifteenth Century , 1977, Speculum.

[40]  Anne Pauwels,et al.  Women changing language , 1998 .

[41]  Sidney Greenbaum,et al.  The Oxford English Grammar , 1996 .

[42]  S. Ervin The Connotations of Gender , 1962 .

[43]  Lesley Milroy,et al.  Language and social networks , 1980 .

[44]  W. Martyna,et al.  What Does ‘He’ Mean?Use of the Generic Masculine , 1978 .

[45]  Roger Lass,et al.  The shape of English: Structure and history , 1987 .

[46]  J. McWhorter,et al.  Word on the street : debunking the myth of "pure" standard english , 2000 .

[47]  T. Laqueur Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud , 1990 .

[48]  James H. Sledd,et al.  The triumph of the English language , 1953 .

[49]  Alice C. Harris,et al.  Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective , 1995 .

[50]  Zdenek Salzmann,et al.  Language and gender : an introduction , 2000 .

[51]  James Sledd,et al.  A Linguistic Introduction to the History of English , 1964 .

[52]  M. Samuels Some applications of Middle English dialectology , 1963 .

[53]  Contents of volume VIII , 1959 .

[54]  Apuleius,et al.  Leechdoms, wortcunning, and starcraft of early England , 1961 .

[55]  Robert D. Stevick,et al.  The Biological Model and Historical Linguistics , 1963 .

[56]  A. Goatly The language of metaphors , 1997 .

[57]  P. Eckert,et al.  Language and Gender: Introduction to the study of language and gender , 2013 .

[58]  Madeleine Mathiot Sex Roles as Revealed Through Referential Gender in American English , 1979 .

[59]  F. G. Fowler,et al.  The King's English , 1979 .

[60]  G. M. Awbery,et al.  Grammar and gender , 1988 .

[61]  P. Mühlhäusler,et al.  Pronouns and People: The Linguistic Construction of Social and Personal Identity , 1990 .

[62]  Peter Trudgill,et al.  On Dialect: Social and Geographical Perspectives. , 1983 .

[63]  H. B. Beardsmore A gender problem in a language contact situation , 1971 .

[64]  J. Dunayer Sexist words, speciesist roots , 1995 .

[65]  Geoffrey Hughes,et al.  Words in time: A Social History of the English Vocabulary , 1989 .

[66]  S. Clancy The Ascent of Guy , 1999 .

[67]  Mary Daly,et al.  Websters' first new intergalactic wickedary of the English language , 1987 .

[68]  John Geipel The Viking legacy: The Scandinavian influence on the English and Gaelic languages , 1971 .

[69]  Anthony F. Buccini Southern Middle English hise and the Question of Pronominal Transfer in Language Contact , 1992 .

[70]  Sally Mcconnell-Ginet Prototypes, Pronouns and Persons , 1979 .

[71]  G. Lakoff,et al.  Philosophy in the flesh : the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought , 1999 .

[72]  K. M. E. Murray Caught in the Web of Words: James Murray and the Oxford English Dictionary , 1977 .

[73]  Rosina L. Lippi-Green English with an Accent: Language, Ideology and Discrimination in the United States , 1997 .

[74]  P. Poussa The evolution of early standard English: The creolization hypothesis , 1982 .

[75]  M. L. Samuels Linguistic Evolution: Contents , 1972 .

[76]  Gender-linked derogatory terms and their use by women and men , 1998 .

[77]  O. F. Emerson The history of the English language , 1981 .

[78]  R. Ness,et al.  Harmless Drudges throughout History@@@Chasing the Sun: Dictionary Makers and the Dictionaries They Made , 1997 .

[79]  Christiane Dalton-Puffer Middle English is a creole and its opposite: On the value of plausible speculation , 1995 .

[80]  T. Nevalainen,et al.  Its strength and the beauty of it: The standardization of the third person neuter possessive in Early Modern English , 1993 .

[81]  Naomi S. Baron A reanalysis of english grammatical gender , 1971 .

[82]  Alice C. Harris,et al.  Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: Frontmatter , 1995 .

[83]  Polarized Semantic Change of Words Associated with Females and Males , 1993 .

[84]  Thomas E. Toon The Politics of Early Old English Sound Change , 1983 .

[85]  Östen Dahl,et al.  Animacy and the notion of semantic gender , 2000 .

[86]  J. Milroy The Development of Standard English 1300–1800: Historical description and the ideology of the standard language , 2000 .

[87]  K. Swift,et al.  The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing , 1986 .

[88]  Angus McIntosh,et al.  THE ANALYSIS OF WRITTEN MIDDLE ENGLISH , 1956 .

[89]  Going through the changes: The pronoun she in middle English , 1978 .

[90]  Joan M. Fayer,et al.  Linguistic variation and change , 1992 .

[91]  M. Samuels THE ROLE OF FUNCTIONAL SELECTION IN THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH , 1965 .

[92]  T. Bennett-Kastor Anaphora, nonanaphora, and the generic use of pronouns by children , 1996 .

[93]  Joseph Wright,et al.  Old English Grammar , 1955 .

[94]  K. I. Sandred Nominal inflection in the old English of the Anglo‐Saxon Land Charters , 1991 .

[95]  Jennifer Coates,et al.  Some problems in the sociolinguistic explanation of sex differences , 1985 .

[96]  David Lightfoot,et al.  Principles of diachronic syntax , 1979 .

[97]  A. Batliner The comprehension of grammatical and natural gender: a cross-linguistic experiment , 1984 .

[98]  Mary Crawford,et al.  Talking Difference: On Gender and Language , 1995 .

[99]  Kenichi Namai,et al.  Gender features in English , 2000 .

[100]  Katie Wales,et al.  Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English , 1996 .

[101]  Fr. Klaeber Beowulf, and The fight at Finnsburh , 1969 .

[102]  S. Wolfe Gender and agency in Indo‐European languages , 1980 .

[103]  F. Cornish Anaphoric Relations in English and French: A Discourse Perspective , 1986 .

[104]  Language and the sexes , 1983 .

[105]  J. Butler Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity , 1990 .

[106]  Robert Cawdry A table alphabeticall of hard usual English words (1604) : the first English dictionary , 1966 .

[107]  J. P. Lipton,et al.  “Girl,” “woman,” “guy,” “man”: The effects of sexist labeling , 1984 .

[108]  W. Labov Principles of Linguistic Change: Internal Factors , 1994 .

[109]  Otto Jespersen,et al.  Essentials of English Grammar , 1933 .

[110]  B. Strang A history of English , 1970 .

[111]  R. Sigley,et al.  Looking at girls in Corpora of English , 2002 .

[112]  Barbara A. Fennell A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach , 2001 .

[113]  R. Lakoff Language and woman's place , 1973, Language in Society.

[114]  Charles H. Jones The functional motivation of linguistic change , 1967 .

[115]  S. Winchester The Professor and the Madman , 1998 .

[116]  Peter Mühlhäusler,et al.  Pidgin and Creole Linguistics , 2002 .

[117]  Norm Goldstein,et al.  The Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual. Fully Updated and Revised. , 1998 .

[118]  Geoffrey Hughes,et al.  Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English , 1992 .

[119]  A. Liberman The Etymology of English boy, beacon , and buoy , 2000 .

[120]  Clarence Major,et al.  Juba to jive : a dictionary of African-American slang , 1994 .

[121]  Winfred P. Lehmann,et al.  On Earlier Stages of the Indo-European Nominal Inflection , 1958 .