Rapidly Deployable IoT Architecture with Data Security: Implementation and Experimental Evaluation

Internet of Things (IoT) has brought about a new horizon in the field of pervasive computing and integration of heterogeneous objects connected to the network. The broad nature of its applications requires a modular architecture that can be rapidly deployed. Alongside the increasing significance of data security, much research has focused on simulation-based encryption algorithms. Currently, there is a gap in the literature on identifying the effect of encryption algorithms on timing and energy consumption in IoT applications. This research addresses this gap by presenting the design, implementation, and practical evaluation of a rapidly deployable IoT architecture with embedded data security. Utilizing open-source off-the-shelf components and widely accepted encryption algorithms, this research presents a comparative study of Advanced Encryption Standards (AES) with and without hardware accelerators and an eXtended Tiny Encryption Algorithm (XTEA) to analyze the performance in memory, energy, and execution time. Experimental results from implementation in multiple IoT applications has shown that utilizing the AES algorithm with a hardware accelerator utilizes the least amount of energy and is ideal where timing is a major constraint, whereas the XTEA algorithm is ideal for resource constrained microcontrollers. Additionally, software implementation of AES on 8-bit PIC architecture required 6.36x more program memory than XTEA.

[1]  Wei Dong,et al.  Towards rapid and cost-effective prototyping of IoT platforms , 2016, 2016 IEEE 24th International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP).

[2]  Kumar Yelamarthi,et al.  Sensing and classifying indoor environments: An Iot based portable tour guide system , 2017, 2017 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS).

[3]  Wei Dong,et al.  Rapid development of IoT applications with TinyLink , 2017, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS).

[4]  Giancarlo Fortino,et al.  Evaluating Critical Security Issues of the IoT World: Present and Future Challenges , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[5]  Rached Tourki,et al.  Performance evaluation and design considerations of lightweight block cipher for low-cost embedded devices , 2016, 2016 IEEE/ACS 13th International Conference of Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA).

[6]  Chong Kuan Chen,et al.  IoT Security: Ongoing Challenges and Research Opportunities , 2014, 2014 IEEE 7th International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing and Applications.

[7]  Yang Xiao,et al.  MAC Security and Security Overhead Analysis in the IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks , 2006, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[8]  Jason Smith,et al.  The SIMON and SPECK Families of Lightweight Block Ciphers , 2013, IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch..

[9]  K. Shadan,et al.  Available online: , 2012 .

[10]  Kumar Yelamarthi,et al.  An Application-Driven Modular IoT Architecture , 2017, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[11]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Tattoo‐Based Wearable Electrochemical Devices: A Review , 2015 .

[12]  Emil Simion,et al.  Innovative Security Solutions for Information Technology and Communications , 2015, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[13]  Alex Biryukov,et al.  State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography , 2017, IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch..

[14]  Kumar Yelamarthi,et al.  How Does Encryption Influence Timing in IoT? , 2018, 2018 IEEE Global Conference on Internet of Things (GCIoT).

[15]  Liter Siek,et al.  Autonomous Wearable Sensor Nodes With Flexible Energy Harvesting , 2014, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[16]  Nathalie Mitton,et al.  Comparison of hardware and software based encryption for secure communication in wireless sensor networks , 2013, 2013 36th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP).

[17]  Evangelos N. Gazis,et al.  Short Paper: IoT: Challenges, projects, architectures , 2015, 2015 18th International Conference on Intelligence in Next Generation Networks.

[18]  Tim Güneysu,et al.  Compact Implementation and Performance Evaluation of Block Ciphers in ATtiny Devices , 2012, AFRICACRYPT.

[19]  Sarmad Ullah Khan,et al.  Future Internet: The Internet of Things Architecture, Possible Applications and Key Challenges , 2012, 2012 10th International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology.

[20]  François Carrez,et al.  Designing IoT architecture(s): A European perspective , 2014, 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT).

[21]  R. Umarani,et al.  A Survey on Various Most Common Encryption Techniques , 2012 .

[22]  Giancarlo Fortino,et al.  Agent-oriented modeling and simulation of IoT networks , 2016, 2016 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS).

[23]  Christof Paar,et al.  A Survey of Lightweight-Cryptography Implementations , 2007, IEEE Design & Test of Computers.

[24]  Lida Xu,et al.  The internet of things: a survey , 2014, Information Systems Frontiers.

[25]  Konstantin Mikhaylov,et al.  Analysis of Capacity and Scalability of the LoRa Low Power Wide Area Network Technology , 2016 .

[26]  Prerna Mahajan,et al.  A Study of Encryption Algorithms AES, DES and RSA for Security , 2013 .

[27]  Nir Kshetri,et al.  Can Blockchain Strengthen the Internet of Things? , 2017, IT Professional.

[28]  Antonio F. Gómez-Skarmeta,et al.  Performance Evaluation of LoRa Considering Scenario Conditions , 2018, Sensors.

[29]  Christophe De Cannière,et al.  KATAN and KTANTAN - A Family of Small and Efficient Hardware-Oriented Block Ciphers , 2009, CHES.

[30]  M. F. A. L. Faisal,et al.  The development of a data acqusition system based on internet of things framework , 2014, 2014 International Conference on ICT For Smart Society (ICISS).

[31]  Xinyu Yang,et al.  A Survey on Internet of Things: Architecture, Enabling Technologies, Security and Privacy, and Applications , 2017, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[32]  Patrick Schaumont,et al.  SIMON Says: Break Area Records of Block Ciphers on FPGAs , 2014, IEEE Embedded Systems Letters.

[33]  Fan Zhang,et al.  On the security and energy consumption estimation of wireless sensor network protocols , 2012 .

[34]  Antonio Pintus,et al.  Paraimpu: a platform for a social web of things , 2012, WWW.

[35]  Jos Wetzels,et al.  Simple SIMON: FPGA implementations of the SIMON 64/128 Block Cipher , 2016, IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch..

[36]  Monodeep Kar,et al.  Energy Efficient and Side-Channel Secure Cryptographic Hardware for IoT-Edge Nodes , 2019, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[37]  Mehmet Rasit Yuce,et al.  WE-Safe: A wearable IoT sensor node for safety applications via LoRa , 2018, 2018 IEEE 4th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT).

[38]  Andrey Bogdanov,et al.  PRESENT: An Ultra-Lightweight Block Cipher , 2007, CHES.

[39]  Valentin Cristea,et al.  Evaluation of Lightweight Block Ciphers for Embedded Systems , 2015, SECITC.

[40]  Alexander Wiesmaier,et al.  Block ciphers for the IoT – SIMON, SPECK, KATAN, LED, TEA, PRESENT, and SEA compared , 2016 .

[41]  Masanobu Katagi,et al.  The 128-Bit Blockcipher CLEFIA , 2007, RFC.

[42]  Ahmadreza Tabesh,et al.  A Low-Power Stand-Alone Adaptive Circuit for Harvesting Energy From a Piezoelectric Micropower Generator , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[43]  Khaled Salah,et al.  IoT security: Review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges , 2017, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[44]  Matti Siekkinen,et al.  How low energy is bluetooth low energy? Comparative measurements with ZigBee/802.15.4 , 2012, 2012 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW).

[45]  Ali Chehab,et al.  One round cipher algorithm for multimedia IoT devices , 2018, Multimedia Tools and Applications.

[46]  Edith Beigné,et al.  AES Datapath Optimization Strategies for Low-Power Low-Energy Multisecurity-Level Internet-of-Things Applications , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems.

[47]  Ahmed Khattab,et al.  IoT-Based Health Monitoring System for Active and Assisted Living , 2016, GOODTECHS.

[48]  Kevin Weekly,et al.  Building-in-Briefcase: A Rapidly-Deployable Environmental Sensor Suite for the Smart Building , 2018, Sensors.

[49]  Gourab Sen Gupta,et al.  Multi-sensor integrated system for wireless monitoring of greenhouse environment , 2018, 2018 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS).

[50]  G. V. Vivek,et al.  Enabling IOT services using WIFI - ZigBee gateway for a home automation system , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Research in Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (ICRCICN).

[51]  Praveen Gauravaram,et al.  Blockchain for IoT security and privacy: The case study of a smart home , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops).

[52]  MengChu Zhou,et al.  Modeling Opportunistic IoT Services in Open IoT Ecosystems , 2017, WOA.

[53]  Stefano Chessa,et al.  Wireless sensor networks: A survey on the state of the art and the 802.15.4 and ZigBee standards , 2007, Comput. Commun..

[54]  Carles Gomez,et al.  Overview and Evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy: An Emerging Low-Power Wireless Technology , 2012, Sensors.

[55]  Kumar Yelamarthi,et al.  A complete Internet of Things (IoT) platform for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) , 2018, 2018 IEEE 4th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT).