Ashes from co-combustion of coal and biomass: new industrial wastes.

Abstract Biomass, one of renewable energy sources, is an alternative to fossil fuels, which is used on an industrial scale. The waste products of its co-combustion with coal in the form of ash of unknown composition are a new source of heavy metals. This article based on the most recent literature shows the characteristics of fly ash produced in the process of direct co-combustion in relation to physical and chemical properties (bulk density, grain shape and size, pH, loss on ignition, pozzolanic properties, melting temperature, deposition propensity, mineralogical characteristics), chemical composition (metals: Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Hg, Pb; non-metals: Si, P, S, Cl, F, Se), metal leaching and methods for their examination.

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