The Twenty-First-Century Singularity in the Big History Perspective—A Re-analysis

The idea that in the near future we should expect “the Singularity” has become quite popular recently, primarily thanks to the activities of Google technical director in the field of machine training Raymond Kurzweil and his book The Singularity Is Near (2005). It is shown that the mathematical analysis of the series of events (described by Kurzweil in his famous book), which starts with the emergence of our galaxy and ends with the decoding of the DNA code, is indeed ideally described by an extremely simple mathematical function (not known to Kurzweil himself) with a singularity in the region of 2029. It is also shown that a similar time series (beginning with the onset of life on Earth and ending with the information revolution—composed by the Russian physicist Alexander Panov completely independently of Kurzweil) is also practically perfectly described by a mathematical function (very similar to the above and not used by Panov) with a singularity in the region of 2027. It is shown that this function is also extremely similar to the equation discovered in 1960 by Heinz von Foerster and published in his famous article in the journal “Science”—this function almost perfectly describes the dynamics of the world population up to the early 1970s and is characterized by a mathematical singularity in the region of 2027. All this indicates the existence of sufficiently rigorous global macroevolutionary regularities (describing the evolution of complexity on our planet for a few billions of years), which can be surprisingly accurately described by extremely simple mathematical functions. At the same time, it is demonstrated that in the region of the Singularity point there is no reason, after Kurzweil, to expect an unprecedented (many orders of magnitude) acceleration of the rates of technological development. There are more grounds for interpreting this point as an indication of an inflection point, after which the pace of global evolution will begin to slow down systematically in the long term.

[1]  S. Kapitza The statistical theory of global population growth , 2003 .

[2]  T. Modis Discussion of Huebner Article , 2005 .

[3]  David Baker Collective Learning: A Potential Unifying Theme of Human History , 2016 .

[4]  D. LePoire Exploration of Connections between Energy Use and Leadership Transitions , 2009 .

[5]  J. Schopf Major events in the history of life , 1992 .

[6]  Robert J. Gordon Is U.S. Economic Growth Over? Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds , 2013 .

[7]  A. Korotayev,et al.  On Similarities between Biological and Social Evolutionary Mechanisms: Mathematical Modeling , 2013 .

[8]  Theodore Modis,et al.  Forecasting the Growth of Complexity and Change—An Update , 2021, World-Systems Evolution and Global Futures.

[9]  A. Korotayev,et al.  Mathematical Modeling of Biological and Social Phases of Big History , 2014 .

[10]  B. Wood Origin and evolution of the genus Homo , 1992, Nature.

[11]  J. Caldwell,et al.  Demographic Transition Theory , 2006 .

[12]  L. Orgel,et al.  The Origin of Life – How Long did it Take? , 1998, Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere.

[13]  A. Panov Scaling law of the biological evolution and the hypothesis of the self-consistent Galaxy origin of life , 2005 .

[14]  G. Snooks Is Singularity a Scientific Concept or the Construct of Metaphysical Historicism? Implications for Big History , 2020 .

[15]  A. Podlazov A theory of the global demographic process , 2017, Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[16]  L. W. Alvarez,et al.  Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction , 1980, Science.

[17]  R. Martin,et al.  The Cambridge encyclopedia of human evolution , 1994 .

[18]  Heinz von Foerster,et al.  Doomsday: Friday, 13 November, A.D. 2026 , 1960 .

[19]  D. Khaltourina,et al.  Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends , 2006 .

[20]  A. Korotayev,et al.  Mathematical Modeling of Biological and Social Evolutionary Macrotrends. , 2014 .

[21]  Andrey Korotayev Globalization and Mathematical Modeling of Global Evolution , 2013 .

[22]  David J. LePoire,et al.  Exploring the Singularity Concept Within Big History , 2020 .

[23]  Марков Александр Владимирович,et al.  Гиперболический рост разнообразия морской и континентальной биот фанерозоя и эволюция сообществ , 2008 .

[24]  T. Modis,et al.  Forecasting the Growth of Complexity and Change , 2002 .

[25]  D. LePoire,et al.  Energy Flow Trends in Big History , 2020 .

[26]  M. Shanahan The Technological Singularity , 2015 .

[27]  T. Modis Why the Singularity Cannot Happen , 2021 .

[28]  W. Gould Population and Development , 1984 .

[29]  C. Sagan The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence , 1977 .

[30]  A. Nazaretyan Megahistory and its mysterious singularity , 2015, Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[31]  R. Kurzweil The Law of Accelerating Returns , 2004 .

[32]  M. Livi-bacci,et al.  A Concise History of World Population , 1994 .

[33]  A. Nazaretyan The Twenty-First Century’s “Mysterious Singularity” in the Light of the Big History , 2020 .

[34]  A. Nazaretyan Big (Universal) History Paradigm: Versions and Approaches , 2005 .

[35]  Robert L. Carroll,et al.  Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution , 1988 .

[36]  Sergei P Kapitza,et al.  The phenomenological theory of world population growth , 1996 .

[37]  R. Tyers,et al.  Secular Stagnation: Determinants and Consequences for Australia , 2017 .

[38]  Donald C. Johanson,et al.  From Lucy to Language , 1996 .

[39]  A. Korotayev A Compact Macromodel of World System Evolution , 2005 .

[40]  R. Taagepera People, skills, and resources: an interaction model for world population growth. , 1979, Technological forecasting and social change.

[41]  T. Dyson Population and development : the demographic transition , 2010 .

[42]  David LePoire,et al.  Interpreting "Big History" as Complex Adaptive System Dynamics with Nested Logistic Transitions in Energy Flow and Organization , 2015 .

[43]  T. Piketty Capital in the twenty-first century: a multidimensional approach to the history of capital and social classes. , 2013, The British journal of sociology.

[44]  S. Grinchenko,et al.  The Deductive Approach to Big History’s Singularity , 2020 .

[45]  A. Korotayev,et al.  Relationship between genome size and organismal complexity in the lineage leading from prokaryotes to mammals , 2010 .

[46]  Graeme Donald Snooks,et al.  THE DYNAMIC SOCIETY: Exploring the sources of global change , 1996 .

[47]  L. Grinin,et al.  Urbanization and Political Development of the World System , 2013 .

[48]  Roman V. Yampolskiy,et al.  The technological singularity , 2017 .

[49]  David LePoire,et al.  Potential Economic and Energy Indicators of Inflection in Complexity , 2013 .

[50]  Sergei P Kapitza On the theory of global population growth , 2010 .

[51]  David Baker Standing on the shoulders of giants : collective learning as a key concept in Big History , 2014 .

[52]  K. Zimmermann,et al.  Demographic dynamics and long-run development: insights for the secular stagnation debate , 2016 .

[53]  M. Widdowson,et al.  The Twenty-First-Century Singularity: The Role of Perspective and Perception , 2020 .

[54]  M. Kremer Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990 , 1993 .

[55]  A. Korotayev,et al.  Dynamics of Technological Growth Rate and the Forthcoming Singularity , 2020 .

[56]  A. Nazaretyan The Polyfurcation Century: Does the Evolution on Earth Have a Cosmological Relevance? , 2018 .

[57]  L. Grinin,et al.  Social Macroevolution: Growth of the World System Integrity and a System of Phase Transitions , 2009 .

[58]  Andrey Korotayev,et al.  A Compact Mathematical Model of the World System Economic and Demographic Growth, 1 CE - 1973 CE , 2012 .

[59]  Yoonjoung Choi Demographic Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Demographic Dividend , 2016 .

[60]  J. Barrow,et al.  The structure of the early universe. , 1980 .

[61]  Grinin Leonid Efimovich,et al.  Great Divergence and Great Convergence , 2015 .

[62]  J. Chesnais,et al.  The Demographic Transition: Stages, Patterns and Economic Implications--A Longitudinal Study of Sixty-seven Countries. , 1993 .

[63]  A. Nazaretyan Power and Wisdom: Toward a History of Social Behavior , 2003 .

[64]  A. Fomin Hyperbolic Evolution from Biosphere to Technosphere , 2020 .

[65]  G. Burenhult The First humans : human origins and history to 10,000 BC , 1993 .

[66]  David J. LePoire,et al.  Application of logistic analysis to the history of physics. , 2005 .

[67]  D. Reher Economic and Social Implications of the Demographic Transition , 2011 .

[68]  Amnon H. Eden,et al.  Singularity Hypotheses: A Scientific and Philosophical Assessment , 2013 .

[69]  A. Korotayev,et al.  Phanerozoic marine biodiversity follows a hyperbolic trend , 2007 .

[70]  G. Snooks Big History or Big Theory? Uncovering the Laws of Life* , 2005 .

[71]  Andrey Korotayev The World System Urbanization Dynamics: A Quantitative Analysis , 2006 .

[72]  David J. LePoire,et al.  Exploring Temporal Patterns in Big History Dynamics , 2016 .

[73]  D. Christian Swiming upstream : universal Darwinism and human history , 2014 .

[74]  Jonathan Huebner,et al.  A possible declining trend for worldwide innovation , 2005 .

[75]  P. N. Akop Mega-History and the twenty-first century Singularity puzzle , 2017 .

[76]  J. Goldstone,et al.  Great Divergence and Great Convergence: A Global Perspective , 2015 .

[77]  Sebastian von Hoerner,et al.  A Population Explosion and Interstellar Expansion , 1973 .

[78]  T. Devezas,et al.  Near-Term Indications and Models of a Singularity , 2020, World-Systems Evolution and Global Futures.

[79]  Colin McEvedy,et al.  Atlas of world population history , 1979 .

[80]  R. Kurzweil,et al.  The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology , 2006 .

[81]  A. Panov Singularity of Evolution and Post-singular Development in the Big History Perspective , 2020 .

[82]  S. Weinberg The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe , 1988 .

[83]  M. Popović Technological Progress, Globalization, and Secular Stagnation , 2018 .

[84]  J. Goldstone,et al.  Phases of global demographic transition correlate with phases of the Great Divergence and Great Convergence , 2015 .

[85]  K. Andrey,et al.  Systemic boundary issues in the light of mathematical modeling of world-system evolution , 2017 .

[86]  R. Baldwin,et al.  Secular stagnation: facts, causes and cures , 2014 .