Forensic age estimation based on T1 SE and VIBE wrist MRI: do a one-fits-all staging technique and age estimation model apply?

ObjectivesProviding recommendations for wrist MRI in age estimation by determining (1) which anatomical structures to include in the statistical model, (2) which MRI sequence to conduct, and (3) which staging technique to apply.MethodsRadius and ulna were prospectively studied on 3 T MRI in 363 healthy Caucasian participants (185 females, 178 males) between 14 and 26 years old, using T1 spin echo (SE) and T1 gradient echo VIBE. Bone development was assessed applying a 5-stage staging technique with several amelioration attempts to optimise staging. A Bayesian model rendered point predictions of age and diagnostic indices to discern minors from adults.ResultsAll approaches rendered similar results, with none of them outperforming the others. A single bone assessment of radius or ulna sufficed. SE and VIBE sequences were both suitable, but needed sequence-specific age estimation. A one-fits-all 5-stage staging technique—with substages in stage 3—was suitable and did not benefit from profound substaging. Age estimation based on SE radius resulted in a mean absolute error of 1.79 years, a specificity (correctly identified minors) of 93%, and a discrimination slope of 0.640.ConclusionRadius and ulna perform similarly to estimate age, and so do SE and VIBE. A one-fits-all staging technique can be applied.Key Points• Radius and ulna perform similarly to estimate age.• SE and VIBE perform similarly, but age estimation should be based on the corresponding sequence-specific reference data.• A one-fits-all 5-stage staging technique with substages 3a, 3b, and 3c can be applied to both bones and both sequences.

[1]  R. Mulkern,et al.  Developing epiphysis: MR imaging characteristics and histologic correlation in the newborn lamb. , 1998, Radiology.

[2]  Elke Hillewig,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of the medial extremity of the clavicle in forensic bone age determination: a new four-minute approach , 2011, European Radiology.

[3]  H. Yoshioka,et al.  Skeletal age assessment in children using an open compact MRI system , 2013, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[4]  K. Verstraete,et al.  The influence of motion artefacts on magnetic resonance imaging of the clavicles for age estimation , 2020, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[5]  E. Hocaoğlu,et al.  Estimation of forensic age using substages of ossification of the medial clavicle in living individuals , 2015, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[6]  J. Dvořák Detecting over-age players using wrist MRI: science partnering with sport to ensure fair play , 2009, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[7]  Ronald Schulz,et al.  Studies on the time frame for ossification of the medial clavicular epiphyseal cartilage in conventional radiography , 2004, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[8]  A. Schmeling,et al.  Subclassification of clavicular substage 3a is useful for diagnosing the age of 17 years , 2014, Rechtsmedizin.

[9]  Ersilia Barbato,et al.  Value of MRI of the hand and the wrist in evaluation of bone age: Preliminary results , 2014, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[10]  J. Dvořák,et al.  Examination of ossification of the distal radial epiphysis using magnetic resonance imaging. New insights for age estimation in young footballers in FIFA tournaments. , 2015, Science & justice : journal of the Forensic Science Society.

[11]  J. Degroote,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of the sternal extremity of the clavicle in forensic age estimation: towards more sound age estimates , 2013, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[12]  G. Willems,et al.  Human dental age estimation using third molar developmental stages: does a Bayesian approach outperform regression models to discriminate between juveniles and adults? , 2009, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[13]  Estimating forensic age via magnetic resonance imaging of the distal radial epiphysis , 2019, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[14]  K. Verstraete,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of third molars in forensic age estimation: comparison of the Ghent and Graz protocols focusing on apical closure , 2018, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[15]  C. McGibbon,et al.  Subchondral bone and cartilage thickness from MRI: effects of chemical-shift artifact , 2003, Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine.

[16]  S. Garn,et al.  Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist. , 1959 .

[17]  Andreas Schmeling,et al.  Forensic Age Estimation. , 2016, Deutsches Arzteblatt international.

[18]  J. George,et al.  Comparison study of growth plate fusion using MRI versus plain radiographs as used in age determination for exclusion of overaged football players , 2010, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[19]  M. Nasr,et al.  Age determination by MR imaging of the wrist in Egyptian male football players. How far is it reliable , 2018 .

[20]  Valeria Panebianco,et al.  Accuracy of MRI skeletal age estimation for subjects 12–19. Potential use for subjects of unknown age , 2015, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[21]  G Geserick,et al.  Age estimation. , 2007, Forensic science international.

[22]  Jiri Dvorak,et al.  Application of MRI of the wrist for age determination in international U-17 soccer competitions , 2007, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[23]  Øyvind Bleka,et al.  Advancing estimation of chronological age by utilizing available evidence based on two radiographical methods , 2018, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[24]  G. Willems,et al.  Third Molar Development: Evaluation of Nine Tooth Development Registration Techniques for Age Estimations , 2013, Journal of forensic sciences.

[25]  D. Prayer,et al.  Hand MRI and the Greulich-Pyle atlas in skeletal age estimation in adolescents , 2018, Skeletal Radiology.

[26]  Ronald Schulz,et al.  Enhanced possibilities to make statements on the ossification status of the medial clavicular epiphysis using an amplified staging scheme in evaluating thin-slice CT scans , 2010, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[27]  Lyle W. Konigsberg,et al.  Paleodemography: Transition analysis: a new method for estimating age from skeletons , 2002 .

[28]  J. Prieto,et al.  The problem of aging human remains and living individuals: a review. , 2009, Forensic science international.

[29]  M. Urschler,et al.  The four-minute approach revisited: accelerating MRI-based multi-factorial age estimation , 2019, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[30]  K. Verstraete,et al.  Forensic age estimation based on development of third molars: a staging technique for magnetic resonance imaging. , 2017, The Journal of forensic odonto-stomatology.

[31]  Koenraad Verstraete,et al.  Forensic age estimation based on magnetic resonance imaging of third molars: converting 2D staging into 3D staging , 2017, Annals of human biology.

[32]  H. Yoshioka,et al.  Acceleration of skeletal age MR examination using compressed sensing , 2016, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[33]  K. Deblaere,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of third molars: developing a protocol suitable for forensic age estimation , 2017, Annals of human biology.

[34]  J M Tanner,et al.  A new system of dental age assessment. , 1973, Human biology.

[35]  W. Greulich,et al.  Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist , 1999 .

[36]  A. Schmeling,et al.  The value of sub-stages and thin slices for the assessment of the medial clavicular epiphysis: a prospective multi-center CT study , 2014, Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology.

[37]  G. Dib,et al.  Relationship of chronological age and sexual maturity with skeletal maturity by magnetic resonance imaging of the distal radial epiphysis in adolescent football players , 2015 .

[38]  G. Willems,et al.  Ethics in age estimation of unaccompanied minors. , 2012, The Journal of forensic odonto-stomatology.

[39]  W. Heindel,et al.  Forensic age estimation by magnetic resonance imaging of the knee: the definite relevance in bony fusion of the distal femoral- and the proximal tibial epiphyses using closest-to-bone T1 TSE sequence , 2017, European Radiology.

[40]  G Geserick,et al.  Age estimation of unaccompanied minors. Part I. General considerations. , 2006, Forensic Science International.

[41]  A. Junge,et al.  MRI of the wrist is not recommended for age determination in female football players of U‐16/U‐17 competitions , 2016, Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports.

[42]  Jiri Dvorak,et al.  Age determination by magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist in adolescent male football players , 2006, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[43]  Martin Urschler,et al.  What automated age estimation of hand and wrist MRI data tells us about skeletal maturation in male adolescents , 2015, Annals of human biology.

[44]  Christian Payer,et al.  Multi-factorial Age Estimation from Skeletal and Dental MRI Volumes , 2017, MLMI@MICCAI.

[45]  G. Willems,et al.  Obtaining appropriate interval estimates for age when multiple indicators are used: evaluation of an ad-hoc procedure , 2016, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[46]  Magnetic resonance imaging of the distal radial epiphysis: a new criterion of maturity for determining whether the age of 18 has been completed? , 2017, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[47]  F. Dedouit,et al.  Contribution of magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist and hand to forensic age assessment , 2016, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[48]  T. Cole,et al.  Medical, statistical, ethical and human rights considerations in the assessment of age in children and young people subject to immigration control. , 2012, British medical bulletin.

[49]  Martin Küppers,et al.  Influence of the examiner’s qualification and sources of error during stage determination of the medial clavicular epiphysis by means of computed tomography , 2013, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[50]  Martin Urschler,et al.  Applicability of Greulich-Pyle and Tanner-Whitehouse grading methods to MRI when assessing hand bone age in forensic age estimation: A pilot study. , 2016, Forensic science international.

[51]  Yasunari Fujinaga,et al.  Improved reliability in skeletal age assessment using a pediatric hand MR scanner with a 0.3T permanent magnet. , 2014, Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.