Carbon nanotubes — chitosan nanobiocomposite for immunosensor

Abstract Carboxylic group functionalized single walled (SW) and multi walled (MW) carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been incorporated into biopolymer matrix of chitosan (CH) to fabricate nanobiocomposite film onto indium–tin–oxide (ITO) coated glass plate for co-immobilization of rabbit-immunoglobulin (r-IgGs) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) to detect ochratoxin-A (OTA). The results of electrochemical studies reveal that presence of both CNT results in increased electro-active surface area of CH leading to enhanced electron transport in these nanobiocomposites. Moreover, in CH–SWCNT and CH–MWCNT nanobiocomposites the availability of NH2/OH group in CH and surface charged CNT also increases loading of the r-IgGs resulting in enhanced electron transport responsible for improved sensing characteristics. Compared to BSA/r-IgGs/CH–MWCNT/ITO immunoelectrode, electrochemical response studies of BSA/r-IgGs/CH–SWCNT/ITO immunoelectrode carried out as a function of OTA concentration exhibits improved linearity as 0.25–6 ng/dL, detection limit as 0.25 ng/dL, response time as 25 s, and sensitivity as 21 μA ng dL− 1 cm− 2 with the regression coefficient as 0.998.

[1]  Maogen Zhang,et al.  Carbon nanotube-chitosan system for electrochemical sensing based on dehydrogenase enzymes. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[2]  B. D. Malhotra,et al.  Polyaniline-carbon nanotube composite film for cholesterol biosensor. , 2008, Analytical biochemistry.

[3]  B. D. Malhotra,et al.  Preparation of polyaniline/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite by novel electrophoretic route , 2008 .

[4]  Paolo Pastore,et al.  A comparison between the use of a redox mediator in solution and of surface modified electrodes in the electrocatalytic oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. , 2004, Bioelectrochemistry.

[5]  Pulickel M. Ajayan,et al.  Carbon nanotube electrode for oxidation of dopamine , 1996 .

[6]  Jun Liu,et al.  Carbon nanotube-modified electrodes for the simultaneous determination of dopamine and ascorbic acid. , 2002, The Analyst.

[7]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Detection of homocysteine at carbon nanotube paste electrodes. , 2004, Talanta.

[8]  Chang Ming Li,et al.  Highly sensitive lactate biosensor by engineering chitosan/PVI-Os/CNT/LOD network nanocomposite. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[9]  Amidation of single-walled carbon nanotubes by a hydrothermal process for the electrooxidation of nitric oxide. , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[10]  S. Iijima.  Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon , 1991, Nature.

[11]  M. Pumera,et al.  New materials for electrochemical sensing VI: Carbon nanotubes , 2005 .

[12]  Bhanu Pratap Singh,et al.  Growth of carbon nanotubes on carbon fibre substrates to produce hybrid/phenolic composites with improved mechanical properties , 2008 .

[13]  Joseph Wang.  Carbon‐Nanotube Based Electrochemical Biosensors: A Review , 2005 .

[14]  Mei Gao,et al.  Biosensors Based on Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Coated with Inherently Conducting Polymers , 2003 .

[15]  Maogen Zhang,et al.  Electrochemical sensing platform based on the carbon nanotubes/redox mediators-biopolymer system. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[16]  Wanzhi. Wei,et al.  Fabrication of a copper nanoparticle/chitosan/carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide and glucose , 2008 .

[17]  T. L. Dhami,et al.  Co-synthesis, purification and characterization of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes using the electric arc method , 2007 .

[18]  S. Dong,et al.  The direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase and glucose biosensor based on carbon nanotubes/chitosan matrix. , 2005, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[19]  J. Xin,et al.  Decoration of carbon nanotubes with chitosan , 2005 .

[20]  P. Ajayan.  Nanotubes from Carbon. , 1999, Chemical reviews.

[21]  Xin Wei,et al.  Integration of enzymes and electrodes: spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of chitosan-enzyme films. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[22]  Yuehe Lin,et al.  Low-potential stable NADH detection at carbon-nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrodes , 2002 .

[23]  Shanchao Liu,et al.  DNA biosensor based on chitosan film doped with carbon nanotubes. , 2005, Analytical biochemistry.

[24]  Zhennan Gu,et al.  Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Norepinephrine at a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes , 2002 .

[25]  P. Solanki,et al.  Chitosan-iron oxide nanobiocomposite based immunosensor for ochratoxin-A , 2008 .

[26]  Marek Trojanowicz,et al.  Analytical applications of carbon nanotubes : a review , 2006 .

[27]  Geoffrey M. Spinks,et al.  Mechanical properties of chitosan/CNT microfibers obtained with improved dispersion , 2006 .

[28]  Wonbong Choi,et al.  Vertically aligned carbon nanotube probes for monitoring blood cholesterol , 2006, Nanotechnology.

[29]  Shusheng Zhang,et al.  Sensitive amperometric immunosensor for alpha-fetoprotein based on carbon nanotube/gold nanoparticle doped chitosan film. , 2009, Analytical biochemistry.

[30]  J. Alam,et al.  Iron oxide nanoparticles-chitosan composite based glucose biosensor. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[31]  James F Rusling,et al.  Mediated amperometric immunosensing using single walled carbon nanotube forests. , 2004, The Analyst.

[32]  Jing‐Juan Xu,et al.  Electrochemically deposited nanocomposite of chitosan and carbon nanotubes for biosensor application. , 2005, Chemical communications.

[33]  Electron-transfer properties of different carbon nanotube materials, and their use in glucose biosensors , 2006, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[34]  P. Solanki,et al.  Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/sol–gel-derived silica/chitosan nanobiocomposite for total cholesterol sensor , 2009 .

[35]  Zhennan Gu,et al.  Direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c at a glassy carbon electrode modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[36]  Z. Gu,et al.  Electrocatalytic oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid at a glassy carbon electrode modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes , 2001 .

[37]  Ajeet Kaushik,et al.  A nanostructured cerium oxide film-based immunosensor for mycotoxin detection , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[38]  G. Rivas,et al.  Enzymatic Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes Paste Electrodes , 2005 .